Last updated: 2026-01-12

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Knit directory: genomics_ancest_disease_dispar/

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Ignored files:
    Ignored:    .DS_Store
    Ignored:    .Rproj.user/
    Ignored:    .venv/
    Ignored:    analysis/.DS_Store
    Ignored:    ancestry_dispar_env/
    Ignored:    data/.DS_Store
    Ignored:    data/RCDCFundingSummary_01042026.xlsx
    Ignored:    data/cdc/
    Ignored:    data/cohort/
    Ignored:    data/epmc/
    Ignored:    data/europe_pmc/
    Ignored:    data/gbd/.DS_Store
    Ignored:    data/gbd/IHME-GBD_2021_DATA-d8cf695e-1.csv
    Ignored:    data/gbd/IHME-GBD_2023_DATA-73cc01fd-1.csv
    Ignored:    data/gbd/ihme_gbd_2019_global_disease_burden_rate_all_ages.csv
    Ignored:    data/gbd/ihme_gbd_2019_global_paf_rate_percent_all_ages.csv
    Ignored:    data/gbd/ihme_gbd_2021_global_disease_burden_rate_all_ages.csv
    Ignored:    data/gbd/ihme_gbd_2021_global_paf_rate_percent_all_ages.csv
    Ignored:    data/gwas_catalog/
    Ignored:    data/icd/.DS_Store
    Ignored:    data/icd/2025AA/
    Ignored:    data/icd/IHME_GBD_2019_COD_CAUSE_ICD_CODE_MAP_Y2020M10D15.XLSX
    Ignored:    data/icd/IHME_GBD_2019_NONFATAL_CAUSE_ICD_CODE_MAP_Y2020M10D15.XLSX
    Ignored:    data/icd/IHME_GBD_2021_COD_CAUSE_ICD_CODE_MAP_Y2024M05D16.XLSX
    Ignored:    data/icd/IHME_GBD_2021_NONFATAL_CAUSE_ICD_CODE_MAP_Y2024M05D16.XLSX
    Ignored:    data/icd/UK_Biobank_master_file.tsv
    Ignored:    data/icd/cdc_valid_icd10_Sep_23_2025.xlsx
    Ignored:    data/icd/cdc_valid_icd9_Sep_23_2025.xlsx
    Ignored:    data/icd/hp_umls_mapping.csv
    Ignored:    data/icd/lancet_conditions_icd10.xlsx
    Ignored:    data/icd/manual_disease_icd10_mappings.xlsx
    Ignored:    data/icd/mondo_umls_mapping.csv
    Ignored:    data/icd/phecode_international_version_unrolled.csv
    Ignored:    data/icd/phecode_to_icd10_manual_mapping.xlsx
    Ignored:    data/icd/semiautomatic_ICD-pheno.txt
    Ignored:    data/icd/semiautomatic_ICD-pheno_UKB_subset.txt
    Ignored:    data/icd/umls-2025AA-mrconso.zip
    Ignored:    figures/
    Ignored:    output/.DS_Store
    Ignored:    output/abstracts/
    Ignored:    output/doccano/
    Ignored:    output/fulltexts/
    Ignored:    output/gwas_cat/
    Ignored:    output/gwas_cohorts/
    Ignored:    output/icd_map/
    Ignored:    output/trait_ontology/
    Ignored:    pubmedbert-cohort-ner-model/
    Ignored:    pubmedbert-cohort-ner/
    Ignored:    r-spacyr/
    Ignored:    renv/
    Ignored:    venv/

Unstaged changes:
    Modified:   analysis/disease_inves_by_ancest.Rmd
    Modified:   analysis/index.Rmd
    Modified:   analysis/missing_cohort_info.Rmd
    Modified:   analysis/replication_ancestry_bias.Rmd
    Modified:   analysis/text_for_cohort_labels.Rmd

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File Version Author Date Message
Rmd 94b4ca3 IJbeasley 2026-01-12 Update initial trait categorisation
html bf2e581 IJbeasley 2026-01-05 Build site.
Rmd 11f714c IJbeasley 2026-01-05 Update filtering of GWAS traits
html 33cdcc6 IJbeasley 2026-01-03 Build site.
Rmd 6160eba IJbeasley 2026-01-03 Update fixing of trait mapping
html 9d0fd3f IJbeasley 2025-10-09 Build site.
Rmd 8e94754 IJbeasley 2025-10-09 Integrating gwas traits with ICD10

Set up

library(dplyr)
library(stringr)
library(purrr)
library(tidyr)
library(data.table)

Load Lancet priority diseases

gbd_2019 <- readxl::read_xlsx(here::here("data/icd/lancet_conditions_icd10.xlsx"))

gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  select(cause = mapped_gbd_term,
         icd10 = icd_10_non_fatal,
         cause_hierarchy_level = gbd_level)


gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  filter(!is.na(icd10))

Prepare GBD 2019 data for merging with GWAS traits

Tidy ICD codes

Make long format, separate multiple ICD code ranges into rows

# expand multiple ICD codes into rows
gbd_2019 = 
  gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(icd10 = str_split(icd10, ",\\s*")) |>
  tidyr::unnest(icd10) 

# separate ICD code ranges into start and end codes
gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  tidyr::separate_wider_delim(col = "icd10",
                        delim = "-", 
                       names = c("start_icd10_code", "end_icd10_code"),
                       too_few = "align_end"
                       ) 

# if only one ICD code (i.e. no range), set start and end to be the same
gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(start_icd10_code = 
         ifelse(is.na(start_icd10_code),
                end_icd10_code,
                start_icd10_code)
         )

gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  distinct()

head(gbd_2019)
# A tibble: 6 × 4
  cause                  start_icd10_code end_icd10_code cause_hierarchy_level
  <chr>                  <chr>            <chr>                          <dbl>
1 Ischemic heart disease I20              I21.6                              3
2 Ischemic heart disease I21.9            I25.9                              3
3 Ischemic heart disease Z82.4            Z82.49                             3
4 Ischemic stroke        G45              G46.8                              4
5 Ischemic stroke        I63              I63.9                              4
6 Ischemic stroke        I65              I66.9                              4

Where icd10 code ranges are the same, but missing decimal places, add .9 to end code (to help with filtering ranges)

gbd_2019 |>
  filter(start_icd10_code == end_icd10_code &
         !grepl(".", start_icd10_code, fixed = TRUE)
         ) |>
  arrange(start_icd10_code) |>
  head()
# A tibble: 5 × 4
  cause                    start_icd10_code end_icd10_code cause_hierarchy_level
  <chr>                    <chr>            <chr>                          <dbl>
1 Diarrhoeal diseases      A09              A09                                3
2 Lower respiratory infec… A70              A70                                3
3 Tracheal, bronchus, and… C33              C33                                3
4 Maternal disorders       N96              N96                                3
5 HIV/AIDS                 Z21              Z21                                3
gbd_2019 = 
gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(end_icd10_code =
         ifelse(
         start_icd10_code == end_icd10_code &
         !grepl(".", start_icd10_code, fixed = TRUE),
         paste0(end_icd10_code, ".9"),
         end_icd10_code
         ) 
  )

Seperate numeric and letter parts of ICD codes (to help with filtering ranges)

# replace O9A513 with O99.9
gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(end_icd10_code =
        ifelse(end_icd10_code == "O9A513",
               "O99.9",
               end_icd10_code)
         )

# replace Z3A49 with Z39.2
gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(end_icd10_code =
        ifelse(end_icd10_code == "Z3A49",
               "Z39.2",
               end_icd10_code)
         )

# check start_icd10_code and end_icd10_code start with the same letter
# if not, need to fix these rows
  gbd_2019 |>
  filter(str_extract(start_icd10_code, "^[A-Z]") != 
         str_extract(end_icd10_code, "^[A-Z]")
         )
# A tibble: 0 × 4
# ℹ 4 variables: cause <chr>, start_icd10_code <chr>, end_icd10_code <chr>,
#   cause_hierarchy_level <dbl>
gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(icd10_code_letter = str_extract(start_icd10_code, "^[A-Z]")) 

gbd_2019 =
  gbd_2019 |>
  mutate(start_icd10_code_num = as.numeric(str_remove(start_icd10_code, 
                                                      "^[A-Z]")
                                           ),
         end_icd10_code_num = as.numeric(str_remove(end_icd10_code, 
                                                    "^[A-Z]")
                                         )
         )

Merge GWAS traits with GBD causes

Load Disease Mapping

disease_mapping <- data.table::fread(
here::here("output/icd_map/gwas_disease_to_icd10_mapping.csv")
)

disease_mapping =
  disease_mapping |>
  mutate(icd10_code = sub("^([^-]+)-\\1$", "\\1", icd10_code))

disease_mapping =
  disease_mapping |>
    mutate(icd10_code_letter = str_extract(icd10_code, "^[A-Z]")) |>
    mutate(icd10_code_num = as.numeric(str_remove(icd10_code, "^[A-Z]")))

disease_mapping |>
  filter(is.na(icd10_code_num)) |>
  nrow()
[1] 133
disease_mapping =
  disease_mapping |>
  filter(!is.na(icd10_code_num)) 

disease_mapping = 
  disease_mapping |>
  mutate(icd10_code_num = as.numeric(icd10_code_num))

Join disease mapping with GBD 2019 data

disease_mapping_with_cause <- disease_mapping |>
  rowwise() |>
  mutate(
    cause = 
      list(
      gbd_2019$cause[
      which(icd10_code_num >= gbd_2019$start_icd10_code_num &
            icd10_code_num <= gbd_2019$end_icd10_code_num & 
            icd10_code_letter == gbd_2019$icd10_code_letter)
      ]),
    cause_hierarchy_level  = 
       list(
            gbd_2019$cause_hierarchy_level[
      which(icd10_code_num >= gbd_2019$start_icd10_code_num &
            icd10_code_num <= gbd_2019$end_icd10_code_num & 
            icd10_code_letter == gbd_2019$icd10_code_letter)
      ])
  ) |>
  ungroup()


disease_mapping_with_cause = 
  disease_mapping_with_cause |>
  tidyr::unnest(c(cause, cause_hierarchy_level),
                keep_empty = TRUE
                )

Checking hierarchy levels

disease_mapping_with_cause = 
  disease_mapping_with_cause |>
  filter(!is.na(cause))

# filtering na to deal with pivoting 
# disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped = 
# disease_mapping_with_cause |>
# select(-icd10_code_num) |>
# tidyr::pivot_wider(
#             id_cols = c("collected_all_disease_terms", 
#                         "icd10_code", 
#                         "icd10_description"),
#             names_from = cause_hierarchy_level, 
#             names_glue = "l{.name}_{.value}",
#             values_from = cause,
#             values_fn = ~str_flatten(unique(.x), collapse = ", ", na.rm = TRUE)
#             )
# check which l2 causes are NA but l3 causes are not NA
# can use l3 causes therefore to fill in l2 causes
# disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped |> 
#   rowwise() |> 
#   filter(is.na(l2_cause) & !is.na(l3_cause)) |>
#   head()
# 
# neoplasms = c("Other neoplasms", 
#                                     "Hodgkin lymphoma",
#                                     "Leukemia",
#                                     "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma",
#               "Multiple myeloma")
# 
# disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped = 
#   disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped |>
#   rowwise() |>
#   mutate(l2_cause = 
#            list(ifelse(is.na(l2_cause),
#                   case_when(map_lgl(l3_cause, ~ .x %in% neoplasms) ~ "Neoplasms",
#                             map_lgl(l3_cause, ~ .x %in% "Neonatal disorders") ~ "Maternal and neonatal disorders",
#                             map_lgl(l3_cause, ~ .x %in% "Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases") ~ "Cardiovascular diseases"
#                             ),
#                   l2_cause
#            )
#            )) |>
#   ungroup()
          

# to_map_manually <- 
# disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped |> 
#   rowwise() |> 
#   filter(is.null(l2_cause)) |> 
#   pull(collected_all_disease_terms) |> 
#   unique()
# 
# 
# update_unmapped_cause = function(df, 
#                                  unmapped_term, 
#                                  l2_cause_rep, 
#                                  l3_cause_rep){
#   
#   df = 
#   df |>
#     mutate(l3_cause = 
#            ifelse(collected_all_disease_terms == unmapped_term,
#                   l3_cause_rep,
#                   l3_cause
#            )) |>
#     mutate(l2_cause = 
#            ifelse(collected_all_disease_terms == unmapped_term,
#                   l2_cause_rep,
#                   l2_cause
#            ))    
#            
#     return(df)
#            
# }
# 
# disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped = 
# update_unmapped_cause(disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped, 
#                       "bone cancer",
#                       "Neoplasms",
#                       "Malignant neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage")

Save + combine with GWAS data

# disease_mapping_orig <- data.table::fread(
# here::here("output/icd_map/gwas_disease_to_icd10_mapping.csv")
# )
# 
# disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped =
#   disease_mapping_with_cause_grouped |>
#   tidyr::unnest_longer(c("l3_cause", "l4_cause")) 

disease_mapping_final =  disease_mapping_with_cause
  # left_join(
  #   disease_mapping_orig,
  #   disease_mapping_with_cause,
  #   by = c("collected_all_disease_terms", 
  #          "icd10_code", 
  #          "icd10_description")
  # )

# gwas_study_info <- fread(here::here("output/gwas_cat/gwas_study_info_group_v2.csv"))
# 
# gwas_study_info =
#   gwas_study_info |>
#   select(`DISEASE/TRAIT`, PUBMED_ID, STUDY_ACCESSION, COHORT)
# 
# disease_mapping_final =
#   left_join(
#     disease_mapping_final,
#     gwas_study_info
#   )


# disease_mapping_final = 
#   disease_mapping_final |>
#   group_by(STUDY_ACCESSION, collected_all_disease_terms) |>
#   summarise(
#     PUBMED_ID = paste0(unique(PUBMED_ID), collapse = "; "),
#     COHORT = paste0(unique(COHORT), collapse = "; "),
#     icd10_code = paste0(unique(icd10_code), collapse = "; "),
#     icd10_description = paste0(unique(icd10_description), collapse = "; "),
#     # l2_cause = str_flatten(unique(str_split(l2_cause, ", ")), # add separation step here ... 
#     #                        collapse = "; ", na.rm = TRUE),
#     l3_cause = str_flatten(unique(str_split(l3_cause, ", ")), 
#                            collapse = "; ", na.rm = TRUE),
#     l4_cause = str_flatten(unique(str_split(l4_cause, ", ")), 
#                            collapse = "; ", na.rm = TRUE)
#   ) 

data.table::fwrite(
# disease_mapping_final,
disease_mapping_with_cause,
here::here("output/icd_map/gwas_study_gbd_causes.csv")
)

sessionInfo()
R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16)
Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS 15.7.3

Matrix products: default
BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib 
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.11.0

locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8

time zone: America/Los_Angeles
tzcode source: internal

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices datasets  utils     methods   base     

other attached packages:
[1] data.table_1.17.8 tidyr_1.3.1       purrr_1.1.0       stringr_1.6.0    
[5] dplyr_1.1.4       workflowr_1.7.1  

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] jsonlite_2.0.0      compiler_4.3.1      BiocManager_1.30.26
 [4] renv_1.0.3          promises_1.3.3      tidyselect_1.2.1   
 [7] Rcpp_1.1.0          git2r_0.36.2        callr_3.7.6        
[10] later_1.4.4         jquerylib_0.1.4     readxl_1.4.5       
[13] yaml_2.3.10         fastmap_1.2.0       here_1.0.1         
[16] R6_2.6.1            generics_0.1.4      knitr_1.50         
[19] tibble_3.3.0        rprojroot_2.1.0     bslib_0.9.0        
[22] pillar_1.11.1       rlang_1.1.6         utf8_1.2.6         
[25] cachem_1.1.0        stringi_1.8.7       httpuv_1.6.16      
[28] xfun_0.55           getPass_0.2-4       fs_1.6.6           
[31] sass_0.4.10         cli_3.6.5           withr_3.0.2        
[34] magrittr_2.0.4      ps_1.9.1            digest_0.6.37      
[37] processx_3.8.6      rstudioapi_0.17.1   lifecycle_1.0.4    
[40] vctrs_0.6.5         evaluate_1.0.5      glue_1.8.0         
[43] cellranger_1.1.0    whisker_0.4.1       rmarkdown_2.30     
[46] httr_1.4.7          tools_4.3.1         pkgconfig_2.0.3    
[49] htmltools_0.5.8.1