Last updated: 2022-07-16

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Rmd 4cd02d0 PoisonAlien 2022-07-16 workflowr

Introduction

This document demonstrates the usage of base R graphics to generate visually appealing plots, without any dependencies.

Most of the plots are recreated as is from several sources. My gratitude to them for all the hard work and making it accessible/open

Acknowledgments:

Finally, I apologize in advance for the uncommentated code. Lets go..

Area chart: US migration

Data source

data = read.table(file = "data/07-areachart_USmigration.csv", header = TRUE, sep = ",")

#Maximum
max_pop = max(rowSums(data[,2:ncol(data)]))

layout(mat = matrix(data = c(1:2), nrow = 2), heights = c(0.75, 6))

par(family = "mono")
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
title_main = "Migration to the US by world region, 1820-2009"
title_main2 = "The numbers are recorded by decade\nFor example, the numbers recorded for 1905 tell us the number of immigrants between 1900 and 1910."

title(main = title_main, cex.main = 1, line = -1, family = "Helvetica", col.main = "#2C3A47", adj = 0)
title(main = title_main2, cex.main = .75, line = -2.5, family = "Helvetica", col.main = "#2C3A47", adj = 0, font.main = 1)


par(mar = c(1, 1, 1, 3))
plot(
  NA,
  xlim = range(data$Region.and.country.of.last.residence.1),
  ylim = c(0, max_pop),
  xlab = NA,
  ylab = NA,
  frame.plot = FALSE,
  axes = FALSE
)

abline(h = pretty(c(0, max_pop)), col = "gray90")
axis(side = 4, at = pretty(c(0, max_pop)), labels = paste0(seq(0, 12, 2), "M"), las = 2, tick = FALSE, line = .1, col.axis = "#34495e", cex.axis = 0.8)
axis(side = 1, at = seq(1820, 2000, 10), tick = FALSE, cex.axis = 0.8, col.axis = "#34495e", line = -1.5)

rect(xleft = 1914, ybottom = 0, xright = 1918, ytop = max_pop, col = "#95a5a6", border = NA)
text(x = 1916, y = max_pop, labels = "WW1", cex = 0.75, pos = 3, xpd = TRUE, font = 4, adj = 1)
rect(xleft = 1939, ybottom = 0, xright = 1945, ytop = max_pop, col = "#95a5a6", border = NA)
text(x = 1942, y = max_pop, labels = "WW2", cex = 0.75, pos = 3, xpd = TRUE, font = 4, adj = 1)

cols = c("white", "#1d81a2", "#004765", "#3a96b8", "#48adc0", "#329a9b", "#2b8589", 
         "#257085", "#005d71", 
         "#b4241c", "#cd3d2e", "#dc464b", "#e65340", 
         "#ffa126", "#ffca76", "#ffe59c", "#fffbb1", "#ffdc6b", "#ffbb7f", 
         "#009a69", "#003f65", "#181818", "black")
#cols = adjustcolor(col = cols, alpha.f = 0.7)

for(i in 22:2){
  if(i > 2){
    polygon(
      c(
        data[1, "Region.and.country.of.last.residence.1"],
        data$Region.and.country.of.last.residence.1,
        data[nrow(data), "Region.and.country.of.last.residence.1"]
      ),
      c(0, rowSums(data[, 2:i, drop = FALSE]), 0),
      col = cols[i], border = cols[i]
    )
    
  }else{
    polygon(data$Region.and.country.of.last.residence.1,
            data[,i],
            col = cols[i],  border = cols[i])
  }
}

to_hghlt = c("Germany", "United.Kingdom", "Austria.Hungary","Ireland", "Philippines", "Italy", "Russia", "India", "China", "Mexico", "Central.America")

for(h in to_hghlt){
  i = which(colnames(data) == h)
  max_idx = which(data[,i] == max(data[,i]))
  y_point = data[,i] + rowSums(data[,2:(i-1), drop = FALSE])
  text(x = data[max_idx,1], y = y_point[max_idx], labels = colnames(data)[i], cex = 0.55, xpd = TRUE, font = 2, family = "mono", col = "#192a56")
}

text(x = 1900, y = 1e6, label = "EUROPE", col = "white", cex = 1.2, font = 2)
text(x = 1990, y = 2e6, label = "ASIA", col = "white", cex = 1.2, adj = 0.8, font = 2)
text(x = 1990, y = 6e6, label = "AMERICA", col = "#2c3e50", cex = 1.2, adj = 0.7, font = 2)

Parliament plot: German Bundestag

Data source: https://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/politics-germany/parliament-parties

Acknowledgments: https://www.datawrapper.de/charts

nseats = 736
nrows = 14

seat_distr = c(4, 80, 45, 152, 92, 118, 206, 39)
names(seat_distr) = c("Independent", "AfD", "CSU", "CDU", "FDP", "The Greens", "SPD", "The Left")

seat_cols = c("#7f8c8d", "#f368e0", "#2980b9", "#2c3e50", "#D6A2E8", "#27ae60", "#d35400", "#8e44ad")
names(seat_cols) = names(seat_distr)

#Simple estimate for how many seats (dots) in concentric arcs
n_seats_per_row = ((pi * nrows:1)/sum(pi * nrows:1)) * nseats
n_seats_per_row = ceiling(n_seats_per_row)

x <- seq(0, pi, length.out = n_seats_per_row[1])
xlims = range(cos(x) * nrows)
ylims = range(sin(x) * nrows)
ylims = c(-max(ylims), max(ylims))

plot_data = data.frame()
for(i in nrows:1){
  x <- seq(0, pi, length.out = rev(n_seats_per_row)[i])
  plot_data = rbind(plot_data, data.frame(cos(x) * i, sin(x) * i, i))
}

colnames(plot_data) = c("x", "y", "row")
plot_data = plot_data[1:nseats,]

#--Comment out the below section to avoid spiral ordering
plot_data_spl = split(plot_data, ~row)
max_row = max(unlist(lapply(plot_data_spl, nrow)))
data_ordered = data.frame()
for(i in seq_len(max_row)){
  data_i = lapply(plot_data_spl, function(dat){
    dat[i,]
  })
  data_i = do.call("rbind", data_i)
  data_ordered = rbind(data_ordered, data_i)
}
#plot_data = data_ordered[!is.na(data_ordered$x),]
#--

plot_data$party = rep(x = names(seat_distr), seat_distr)

layout(mat = matrix(data = c(1:3), nrow = 3), heights = c(1, 6, 0.75))
par(family = "mono")
par(mar = c(0, 0, 1, 0))
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
title_main = "The 20th Bundestag"
title_main2 = "Parliament & Parties of the German Bundestag"
title_sub = "736 members of parliament are represented"

title(main = title_main, cex.main = 1.8, line = -0.5, family = "Helvetica", col.main = "#2C3A47")
title(main = title_main2, cex.main = 1.5, line = -2, family = "Helvetica", col.main = "#2C3A47")
title(main = title_sub, cex.main = 1.2, font = 3, line = -3.25,family = "Helvetica", col.main = "#2C3A47")

par(mar = c(0.75, 0, 0.75, 0))
plot(NA, xlim = xlims, ylim = ylims , "", asp = 1,  xlab = NA, ylab = NA, frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE)
points(x = plot_data$x, y = plot_data$y, pch = 19, col = seat_cols[plot_data$party], cex = 0.65)

x <- seq(0, pi, length.out = 500)

#Outer ring
points(cos(x) * (nrows+0.5), sin(x) * (nrows+0.5), type = "l", lwd = 3, col = "#ea8685")
points(cos(x) * -(nrows+0.5), sin(x) * -(nrows+0.5), type = "l", lwd = 3, col = "#ea8685")
#Outer ring 2
rng_col2 = adjustcolor("#ea8685", 0.4)
points(cos(x) * (nrows+1), sin(x) * (nrows+1), type = "l", lwd = 3, col = rng_col2)
points(cos(x) * -(nrows+1), sin(x) * -(nrows+1), type = "l", lwd = 3, col = rng_col2)

text(x = 0, -8, label = "736\nSEATS", font = 2, col  = "#34495e", cex = 2.5)

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0), family = "Helvetica")
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
legend(
  x = "bottom",
  legend = paste0(names(seat_distr), " (", seat_distr, ")"),
  ncol = 4,
  text.col = seat_cols,
  bty = "n", xpd = TRUE, cex = 1, text.font = 2
)

Heatmap: Measles

Recreating the popular maeasles vaccine heatmap from WSJ

acknowledgments:

Raw data matrix obtained as a part of ComplexHeatmap package.

NOTE: Counts are raw and not normalized for per 100K as in original WSJ plot. Color grading are according to the breaks in the number of cases rather than being continuous.

mat = readRDS(system.file("extdata", "measles.rds", package = "ComplexHeatmap"))
#Get rid of some of the entries
rem_states = c(
  "AMERICAN.SAMOA",
  "GUAM",
  "NEW.YORK.CITY",
  "NORTHERN.MARIANA.ISLANDS",
  "PAC.TRUST.TERR",
  "PUERTO.RICO",
  "RHODE.ISLAND",
  "UPSTATE.NEW.YORK",
  "VIRGIN.ISLANDS"
)

#Since image() flips the data, sort it before plotting
us_stats = sort(setdiff(x = rownames(mat), rem_states), decreasing = TRUE)
mat = mat[us_stats,]

colpal = c(
  "white", "#ecf0f1",
  "#e7f0fa",
  "#c9e2f6",
  "#95cbee",
  "#0099dc",
  "#4ab04a",
  "#ffd73e",
  "#eec73a",
  "#e29421",
  "#e29421",
  "#f05336",
  "#ce472e"
)

break_pnts = c(0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 5000, 10000, 25000, 50000, 100000, 125000)

layout(mat = matrix(data = c(1:2), nrow = 2), heights = c(6, 0.75))

par(mar = c(1, 6, 3, 0.5),  family = "mono")
image(y = 1:nrow(mat), x = 1:ncol(mat),
  z = t(mat),
  axes = FALSE,
  xaxt = "n",
  yaxt = "n",
  xlab = "",
  ylab = "", col = colpal, breaks = break_pnts
)
#
#contour(t(mat), add = TRUE, drawlabels = FALSE)

abline(h = (1:nrow(mat)) + 0.5, v = (1:ncol(mat)) + 0.5, col = "white")

mtext(
  text = colnames(t(mat)),
  side = 2,
  at = 1:nrow(mat),
  font = 2,
  line = 0.4,
  las = 2,
  cex = 0.5,
  col = "#34495e"
)

vac_idx = which(colnames(x = mat) == "1963")
abline(v = vac_idx-0.5, col = "black", lwd = 1.2)


lab_at = seq(1930, 2000, 10)
for(lab in lab_at){
  lab_idx = which(colnames(mat) == lab)
  axis(side = 1, at = lab_idx, labels = lab, col.axis = "#34495e", tick = F, line = -1, cex.axis = 0.6, gap.axis = 0.1, xpd = TRUE)
}

title_main = "Impact of vacccines on Measles in the US states (1930-2001)"
title_sub = "Vaccine introduced in 1963"

title(main = title_main, adj = 0, cex.main = 0.95, line = 2)
title(main = title_sub, adj = 0.5, cex.main = 0.8, line = 1, font = 3, adj = 0)

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0), family = "mono")
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
legend(x = "center", legend = break_pnts, col = colpal, pch = 15, ncol = 7, bty = "n", cex = 0.65, title = "no. of cases, upto")

Bubble charts: Rich vs Health

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = data.table::fread(input = "data/06-scatterplot_RichGDP.csv", data.table = FALSE)

data$population = as.numeric(data$population)
#data$bub_size = data$population/max(data$population, na.rm = TRUE)
cols = c("#34495e", "#ff5252", "#34ace0", "#ffb142", "#218c74", "#84817a")
cols = adjustcolor(col = cols, alpha.f = 0.6)
names(cols) = names(table(data$regions))

title_main = "The richer, the healthier"
title_sub = "GDP per person adjusted for differences in purchasing power (in 2011 international dollars) and life expectancy in years for selected countries, 2018.\nThe bigger a circle, the more people live in a country."

layout(mat = matrix(data = c(1:2), nrow = 2), heights = c(2, 6))

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
text(x = 0, y = 0.8, labels = title_main, cex = 1, font = 2, adj = 0)
text(x = 0, y = 0.6, labels = title_sub, cex = 0.6, font = 3, adj = 0)

legend(x = .1, y = 0.4, legend = names(cols), col = cols, pch = 19, ncol = 3, bty = "n", cex = 0.7)

data$logGDP = log10(data$`GDP per capita`)

par(mar = c(2, 2, 0, 1))
plot(NA, xlim = range(pretty(data$logGDP)), ylim = c(50, 90), xlab = NA, ylab = NA, frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE)
axl_lb = round(10^pretty(data$logGDP))
axl_lb = ifelse(test = axl_lb > 1000, yes = paste0(round(axl_lb/1000), "k"), no = round(axl_lb))

axis(side = 1, at = pretty(data$logGDP), labels = axl_lb, col.axis = "#7f8c8d", tick = FALSE, col = "gray", cex.axis = 0.8, line = -.5)
axis(side = 2, at = seq(50, 100, 10), col.axis = "#7f8c8d", tick = FALSE, col = "gray", cex.axis = 0.8, las = 2, line = -0.5)
abline(h = seq(50, 100, 10), v = pretty(data$logGDP), col = "gray90")

text(x = rev(pretty(data$logGDP))[1], y = 50, labels = "GDP per capita", col = "#34495e", adj = 1, cex = 0.7, font = 2)
text(x = pretty(data$logGDP)[1], y = 90, labels = "Life Expectancy", col = "#34495e", adj = 0, cex = 0.7, font = 2)

symbols(
  x = data$logGDP,
  y = data$`Life expectancy`,
  circles  = sqrt(data$population / pi),
  inches = 0.18, add = TRUE, bg = cols[data$regions], fg = cols[data$regions]
)

bot_cntrs = data[data$country %in% c("South Africa", "China", "Afghanistan", "Lesotho", "United Arab Emirates"),]
text(x = bot_cntrs$logGDP, y = bot_cntrs$`Life expectancy`, labels = bot_cntrs$country, pos = 1, cex = 0.6, col = "#2c2c54")
top_cntrs = data[data$country %in% c("Liberia", "Timor-Leste", "Nicaragua", "Costa Rica"),]
text(x = top_cntrs$logGDP, y = top_cntrs$`Life expectancy`, labels = top_cntrs$country, pos = 3, cex = 0.6, col = "#2c2c54")

Donut charts: Wealthiset percentage

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = read.table("data/08-donutplot_TopWealth.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
Warning in read.table("data/08-donutplot_TopWealth.csv", sep = ",", header
= TRUE): incomplete final line found by readTableHeader on 'data/08-
donutplot_TopWealth.csv'
lo =layout(mat = matrix(data = c(1, 1, 1, 2:7), nrow = 3, ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE), heights = c(1.7, 3, 3))

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
title_main = "Who gets which slice of the pie?"
title_sub = "How much of the wealth of a country do the poorest 50% own?\nHow much do the top 10% own?"

plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
text(x = 0, y = 0.9, labels = title_main, cex = 1.5, font = 2, adj = 0)
text(x = 0, y = 0.6, labels = title_sub, cex = 1.2, font = 3, adj = 0)
legend(x = .1, y = 0.4, legend = c("bottom 50%", "next 40%", "top 10%"), col = c("#b33939", "#f7f1e3", "#40407a"), pch = 15, ncol = 3, bty = "n", cex = 1.4)

par(mar = c(2, 2, 2, 2))

for (i in 2:ncol(data)) {
  pie(
    data[, i],
    radius = 1,
    clockwise = TRUE,
    labels = paste0(round(data[, i]), "%"), border = "white", 
    col = c("#b33939", "#f7f1e3", "#40407a")
  )
  points(x = 0, y = 0, pch = 19, cex = 10, col = "white", lwd = 0)
  title(main = colnames(data)[i], adj = 0)
}

Line chart: COVID19 preprints

Number of COVID19 articles in arxiv preprints

Data obtained from biorxiv API

arxiv_data = read.delim(file = "data/05-linechart_COVIDrxiv.tsv")
arxiv_data$rel_date = as.Date.character(arxiv_data$rel_date)
date_lvls = seq.Date(as.Date(arxiv_data[1,"rel_date"]), as.Date(arxiv_data[nrow(arxiv_data),"rel_date"]), 1)
arxiv_data$date = factor(x = arxiv_data$rel_date, levels = as.character.Date(date_lvls), ordered = TRUE )

biorxiv = data.frame(n_articles = unlist(lapply(split(arxiv_data[arxiv_data$rel_site %in% "bioRxiv",], ~date), nrow)))
medrxiv = data.frame(n_articles = unlist(lapply(split(arxiv_data[arxiv_data$rel_site %in% "medRxiv",], ~date), nrow)))

data = merge(biorxiv, medrxiv, by = "row.names", suffixes = c("_biorxiv", "_medrxiv"))
data$n_articles = rowSums(data[,c("n_articles_biorxiv", "n_articles_medrxiv")])
rownames(data) = data$Row.names
#data = data.frame(n_articles = unlist(lapply(split(arxiv_data, ~date), nrow)))
data$ym = substr(x = rownames(data), start = 1, stop = 7)
data$yr = substr(x = rownames(data), start = 1, stop = 4)

month_lines = cumsum(lapply(split(data, ~ym), nrow))
year_lines = cumsum(lapply(split(data, ~yr), nrow))
#
heatcols = colorRampPalette(c("#EFF3FF", "#C6DBEF", "#9ECAE1", "#6BAED6", "#4292C6", "#2171B5", "#084594"))(180)

par(mar = c(3, 3, 4, 1), family = "mono")
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, nrow(data)), ylim = c(0, 170), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
abline(v = month_lines, col = "gray90", lty = 1, lwd = 0.6)
abline(v = year_lines[c("2020", "2021")], col = "#2c3e50", lwd = 0.9)
abline(h = seq(0, 150, 25), col = "gray90", lwd = 0.9, lty = 2)

axis(side = 1, at = month_lines, labels = substr(x = names(month_lines), 6, 7), las = 2, tick = FALSE, cex.axis = 0.6, line = -0.75, font.axis = 3, col.axis = "#95a5a6")
axis(side = 2, at = seq(0, 150, 25), labels = seq(0, 150, 25), las = 2, tick = FALSE, line = -0.5, col.axis = "#95a5a6")
axis(side = 3, at = year_lines[c("2020", "2021")], labels = c("2020", "2021"), tick = FALSE, line = -1, col.axis = "#8e44ad")

pnt_col = "#95a5a6"
# points(
#   x = 1:nrow(data),
#   y = data$n_articles,
#   pch = 20,
#   col = adjustcolor(col = pnt_col, alpha.f = .5), cex = 0.9
# )
#lines(smooth.spline(x = 1:nrow(data), y = data$n_articles), col = pnt_col, lwd = 3)

#e67e22
biorxiv_col = "#e67e22"
points(
  x = 1:nrow(data),
  y = data$n_articles_biorxiv,
  pch = 20,
  col = adjustcolor(col = biorxiv_col, alpha.f = 0.2), cex = 0.9
)
lines(smooth.spline(x = 1:nrow(data), y = data$n_articles_biorxiv), col = biorxiv_col, lwd = 3)

medrxiv_col = "#27ae60"
points(
  x = 1:nrow(data),
  y = data$n_articles_medrxiv,
  pch = 20,
  col = adjustcolor(col = medrxiv_col, alpha.f = 0.2), cex = 0.9
)
lines(smooth.spline(x = 1:nrow(data), y = data$n_articles_medrxiv), col = medrxiv_col, lwd = 3)

#mtext(text = "Month", side = 1, line = 1.5, font = 2)
#mtext(text = "# of articles", side = 2, line = 2, font = 2)

title(main = "Frequency of COVID19 articles in bioRxiv and medRxiv", adj = 0, line = 2, col.main = "#34495e", cex.main = 1)

legend(x = "topleft", legend = c("bioRxiv", "medRxiv"), col = c(biorxiv_col, medrxiv_col), bty = "n", lwd = 2)

Line chart: Cigerate consumption

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = read.table("data/05-linechart_CigConsumption.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
data[data == "null"] = NA
data = apply(data, 2, as.numeric)
data = as.data.frame(data)
rownames(data) = data$country

max_count = max(data[,2:ncol(data)], na.rm = TRUE)

title_main = "The rise and fall of cigarette consumption in developed countries"
title_sub = "Sales of cigarettes per adult per day, in selected countries.\nFigures include manufactured cigarettes, as well as an estimated\nnumber of hand-rolled cigarettes,per adult (ages 15+) per day."

layout(mat = matrix(data = c(1:2), nrow = 2), heights = c(2, 6))

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
text(x = 0, y = 0.8, labels = title_main, cex = 1, font = 2, adj = 0)
text(x = 0, y = 0.35, labels = title_sub, cex = 1, font = 3, adj = 0)

par(mar = c(3, 2, 0, 1))
plot(NA, xlim = range(data$country), ylim = c(0, max_count), xlab = NA, ylab = NA, frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE)
axis(side = 2, at = seq(0, 12, 2), labels = seq(0, 12, 2), line = 0, col.axis = "gray", cex.axis = 1, las = 2, tick = FALSE)
abline(h = seq(0, 12, 2), lwd = 1, col = "gray90")

text(x = data$country[1], y = 10, labels = "Sold cigarettes\nper day per adult", cex = 0.7, xpd = TRUE, adj = 0)

for(i in 2:ncol(data)){
  points(x = data$country, y = data[,i], pch = "", type = "l", col = "#7f8c8d")  
}

hghlt = c("United.States", "Germany", "France")
hghlt_cols = c("#c0392b", "#16a085", "#2980b9")
for(hghlt_idx in seq_along(hghlt)){
  hghlt_col_idx = which(colnames(data) == hghlt[hghlt_idx])
  points(x = data$country, y = data[,hghlt_col_idx], pch = "", type = "l", col = hghlt_cols[hghlt_idx], lwd = 2)
}

text(x = data$country[1], y = c(6:4), labels = hghlt, col = hghlt_cols, adj = 0)

axis(side = 1, at = pretty(data$country), labels = pretty(data$country), line = 0, tick = TRUE, col.axis = "#7f8c8d", col = "#7f8c8d")

Arrow plot: Women in Parliment

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = read.table("data/04-arrowplot_WomenInParliment.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
colnames(data) = c("Country", "y2000", "y2020", "group")
data$diff = data$y2020 - data$y2000

pan_ratio = unname(unlist(lapply(split(data, ~group), nrow)))

asia = split(data, ~group)[[1]]
eu = split(data, ~group)[[2]]

title_txt = "Most countries have a higher share of women in their national parliaments than twenty years ago"
subtitle_txt = "Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, 2000 and 2020,\nin selected countries in Europe, Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific"

lo = layout(matrix(1:3, ncol = 1), heights = c(2, pan_ratio))
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
plot(NA, xlim = c(0, 1), ylim = c(0, 1), frame.plot = FALSE, axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
text(x = 0, y = 0.8, labels = title_txt, cex = 1, font = 2, adj = 0)
text(x = 0, y = 0.35, labels = subtitle_txt, cex = 1, font = 3, adj = 0)

par(mar = c(2, 7, 1, 1))

temp = lapply(split(data, ~group), function(dat){
  plot(
    NA,
    xlim = c(0, 50),
    ylim = c(1, nrow(dat)),
    frame.plot = FALSE,
    axes = FALSE,
    xlab = NA,
    ylab = NA
  )
  abline(h = 1:nrow(dat), v = c(0, 25, 50), col = "gray90", lwd = 0.6)
  abline(v = 0, col = "gray")
  rect(xleft = dat$y2000, ybottom = 1:nrow(dat), xright = dat$y2020, ytop = 1:nrow(dat), lwd = 1.5, col = ifelse(test = dat$diff > 0, yes = "#3498db", no = "#eb2f06"), border = ifelse(test = dat$diff > 0, yes = "#3498db", no = "#eb2f06"))
  for(i in 1:nrow(dat)){
    if(dat$diff[i] > 0){
      points(x = dat$y2020[i], y = i, pch = ">", col = "#3498db")
      text(x = dat$y2020[i], y = i, labels = paste0(dat$y2020[i], "%"), col = "#0c2461", pos = 4, cex = 0.9, xpd = TRUE)
    }else{
      points(x = dat$y2020[i], y = i, pch = "<", col = "#eb2f06")
      text(x = dat$y2020[i], y = i, labels = paste0(dat$y2000[i], "%"), pos = 2, col = "#eb2f06", cex = 0.9, xpd = TRUE)
    }
  }
  
  axis(side = 2, at = 1:nrow(dat), labels = dat$Country, las = 2, tick = FALSE, line = -0.75, col = "#2c3e50", cex.axis = 1)
  axis(side = 1, at = c(0, 25, 50), labels = paste0(c(0, 25, 50), "%"), tick = FALSE, line = -1, col.axis = "gray50", cex.axis = 1)
  
  title(x = "topright", main = dat$group[1], adj = 1, col.main = "#2c3e50", cex.main = 0.9)
})

bottom_anno = split(data, ~group)[[2]]
bottom_anno = unlist(bottom_anno[nrow(bottom_anno), c(2, 3)])
axis(side = 3, at = bottom_anno, labels = c("2000", "2020"), tick = FALSE, line = -1, col.axis = "#7f8c8d", cex.axis = 0.75)

Dot plot: Oldest country

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = read.table("data/03-dotplot_OldestCountry.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
data$Country[1:3] = c("Monaco", "Japan", "Germany")
xlims = range(data[,2:4])

par(mar = c(3, 5, 4, 1))
plot(
  NA,
  xlim = xlims,
  ylim = c(1, nrow(data)),
  frame.plot = FALSE,
  axes = FALSE,
  xlab = NA,
  ylab = NA
)

abline(h = 1:nrow(data), col = "gray90")
abline(v = pretty(xlims), col = "gray90")
axis(side = 3, at = pretty(xlims), labels = pretty(xlims), col = "gray90", tick = FALSE, line = -1, cex.axis = 0.75, col.axis = "gray50")

for(i in 1:nrow(data)){
  combined = rev(data[,"Combined"])[i]
  male = rev(data[,"Male"])[i]
  female = rev(data[,"Female"])[i]
  
  rect(xleft = male, ybottom = i-0.2, xright = female, ytop = i+0.2, col = "#bdc3c7", border = NA)
  points(x = combined, y = i, col = "#34495e", pch = 19, cex = 1.5)
  points(x = male, y = i, col = "#60a3bc", pch = 19, cex = 1.5)
  points(x = female, y = i, col = "#e58e26", pch = 19, cex = 1.5)
}

legend(
  x = 32, y = -0.5,
  legend = c("Combined", "Male", "Female"),
  border = NA,
  ncol = 3,
  col = c("#34495e", "#60a3bc", "#e58e26"),
  pch = 19,
  bty = "n", xpd = TRUE, cex = 0.9, adj = 0)

axis(
  side = 2,
  at = 1:nrow(data),
  labels = rev(data$Country),
  tick = FALSE,
  cex.axis = 0.8, las = 2, line = -1, col = "#34495e"
)

title(
  main = "Germany is the third-oldest country in the world",
  line = 3,
  adj = 0,
  xpd = TRUE,
  cex.main = 1,
  col.main = "#2c3e50"
)

title(
  main = "Median age in the three countries with the oldest population and selected other countries, in years",
  line = 2,
  adj = 0,
  xpd = TRUE,
  cex.main = 0.6,
  col.main = "#2c3e50"
)

Split barplot: Population Pyramid

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = read.table("data/02-splitbarplot_PopGermany.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
max_count = max(data[,c("male", "female")]) #Maximum value

par(mar = c(2, 3, 2, 1))
plot(
  NA,
  xlim = c(-max_count, max_count),
  ylim = c(1, nrow(data)),
  frame.plot = FALSE,
  axes = FALSE,
  xlab = NA,
  ylab = NA
)

axis(
  side = 2,
  at = 1:nrow(data)+0.4,
  labels = rev(data$age.span),
  tick = FALSE,
  cex.axis = 0.8, las = 2, line = -1, col = "#34495e"
)

for(i in 1:nrow(data)){
  row_idx = rev(1:nrow(data))[i] #Plot the data from bottom to top
  
  rect(xleft = -max_count, ybottom = i, xright = -10, ytop = i+0.9, col = "#ecf0f1", border = NA)
  
  rect(
    xleft = -data[row_idx, "male"],
    xright = -10,
    ybottom = i,
    ytop = i + 0.9, col = "#2980b9", border = NA,
  )
  pretty_pop_male = ifelse(test = data[row_idx, 2] < 1e6,
                             yes = paste0(round(data[row_idx, 2] / 1000, 1), "k"),
                             no = paste0(round(data[row_idx, 2] / 1e6, 1), "m"))
  
  if(data[row_idx, 2] < 1e6){
    text(
      x = -data[row_idx, "male"],
      y = i + 0.4,
      labels = pretty_pop_male,
      pos = 2,
      xpd = TRUE, cex = 0.7, col = "black"
    )
  }else{
    text(
      x = -500,
      y = i + 0.4,
      labels = pretty_pop_male,
      pos = 2,
      xpd = TRUE, cex = 0.7, col = "white"
    )
  }
  
  
  
  rect(xleft = -10, ybottom = i, xright = max_count, ytop = i+0.9, col = "#ecf0f1", border = NA)
  rect(
    xleft = data[row_idx, "female"],
    xright = 10,
    ybottom = i,
    ytop = i + 0.9, col = "#c0392b", border = NA
  )
  pretty_pop_female = ifelse(test = data[row_idx, 3] < 1e6,
                           yes = paste0(round(data[row_idx, 3] / 1000, 1), "k"),
                           no = paste0(round(data[row_idx, 3] / 1e6, 1), "m"))
  
  if(data[row_idx, 2] < 1e6){
    text(
      x = data[row_idx, "female"],
      y = i + 0.4,
      labels = pretty_pop_male,
      pos = 4,
      xpd = TRUE, cex = 0.7, col = "black"
    )
  }else{
    text(
      x = 500,
      y = i + 0.4,
      labels = pretty_pop_female,
      pos = 4,
      xpd = TRUE, cex = 0.7, col = "white"
    )
  }
}

text(x = -max_count, y = nrow(data)+0.45, labels = "male", adj = 0, cex = 0.8, font = 1)
text(x = max_count, y = nrow(data)+0.45, labels = "female", adj = 1, cex = 0.8, font = 1)

title(main = "Population projection for Germany, 2020", line = 1, adj = 0, col.main = "#2c3e50")
title(main = NA, sub = "Projection from 2015\nbased on continued trend with higher immigration
", line = 1, font.sub = 3, cex.sub = 0.6, adj = 1, col.sub = "#7f8c8d")

Bar plot: Bechdel Test

Data obtained from datawrapper.

data = read.table(file = "data/01-barplot_BechdelTest.csv", sep = ",", header = TRUE)
colnames(data) = c("Decade", "3 of 3", "2 of 3", "1 of 3", "0 of 3")
rownames(data) = data$Decade
data$Decade = NULL
data = t(data)

## Choose some color codes
colorcodes = c("#1abc9c", "#2980b9", "#d35400", "#c0392b")

#Adjust the margins (bottom, left, top, and right)
par(mar = c(4, 3, 3, 1))

b_idx = barplot(
  data,
  horiz = TRUE,
  las = 2,
  col = colorcodes,
  border = NA,
  axes = FALSE,
  names.arg = rep(NA, ncol(data))
)
mtext(text = colnames(data), side = 2, at = b_idx, las = 2, cex = 0.85, col = "#2c3e50")
abline(v = seq(0, 100, 50), col = "gray90", lty = 1)
axis(
  side = 3,
  at = seq(0, 100, 50),
  labels = paste0(seq(0, 100, 50), "%"),
  tick = FALSE,
  col.axis = "gray",
  line = -1,
  lwd = 0, cex.axis = 0.75
)

mainttl = "Percentage of films that pass the Bechdel test"
subttl = "Dataset includes 7,924 films.\nDataset has many more ratings for films released in recent decades, so earlier decades are likely to be less accurately represented.\nSome ratings given to films have been contested and may not be accurate."
subttl2 = "Source: Bechdel Test Website"
title(main = mainttl, line = 2, cex.main = 0.9, col = "#2c3e50")
title(
  main = NA,
  sub = subttl,
  line = 3,
  col.sub = "#7f8c8d",
  adj = 1,
  font = 3, cex = 0.3, cex.sub = 0.5
)
title(
  main = NA,
  sub = subttl2,
  line = 1.5,
  col.sub = "#7f8c8d",
  adj = 1,
  font = 3, cex = 0.3, cex.sub = 0.5
)

legend(
  x = -1, y = -0.5,
  legend = rownames(data),
  border = NA,
  ncol = nrow(data),
  col = colorcodes,
  pch = 15,
  bty = "n", xpd = TRUE, title = "criteria passed", cex = 0.9, adj = 0)

for(i in 1:ncol(data)){
  text(
    y = b_idx[i],
    x = cumsum(data[, i]),
    labels = paste0(data[, i], "%"),
    cex = .6, adj = 1, col = "#ecf0f1"
  )
}


sessionInfo()
R version 4.2.0 (2022-04-22)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Big Sur/Monterey 10.16

Matrix products: default
BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib

locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
[1] workflowr_1.7.0

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] Rcpp_1.0.8.3      highr_0.9         bslib_0.3.1       compiler_4.2.0   
 [5] pillar_1.7.0      later_1.3.0       git2r_0.30.1      jquerylib_0.1.4  
 [9] tools_4.2.0       getPass_0.2-2     digest_0.6.29     jsonlite_1.8.0   
[13] evaluate_0.15     tibble_3.1.7      lifecycle_1.0.1   pkgconfig_2.0.3  
[17] rlang_1.0.2       cli_3.3.0         rstudioapi_0.13   yaml_2.3.5       
[21] xfun_0.31         fastmap_1.1.0     httr_1.4.3        stringr_1.4.0    
[25] knitr_1.39        sass_0.4.1        fs_1.5.2          vctrs_0.4.1      
[29] rprojroot_2.0.3   data.table_1.14.2 glue_1.6.2        R6_2.5.1         
[33] processx_3.5.3    fansi_1.0.3       rmarkdown_2.14    callr_3.7.0      
[37] magrittr_2.0.3    whisker_0.4       ps_1.7.0          promises_1.2.0.1 
[41] htmltools_0.5.2   ellipsis_0.3.2    httpuv_1.6.5      utf8_1.2.2       
[45] stringi_1.7.6     crayon_1.5.1