Last updated: 2019-08-22

Checks: 7 0

Knit directory: polymeRID/

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Cross Validation

In this section, the generalization potential of the CNNs with different parameter configurations is tested. Before, optimal data transformations and kernel sizes were explored (Tab. 1).

Tab. 1: The ten highest accuracy results for different preprocessing types at varying kernel sizes.
X types kernel loss acc val_loss val_acc
163 163 norm.d2 90 0.2898488 0.8961039 0.8323456 0.9142857
35 35 sg 70 0.2537513 0.9350649 1.3861195 0.9000000
135 135 raw.d2 90 0.1529336 0.9350649 1.5874773 0.9000000
152 152 norm.d1 150 0.1060385 0.9740260 0.8856056 0.9000000

We perform a 10-fold cross-validation (CV) which is repeated five times. The following code takes the different levels of the input data and applies the CV to each of the elements. To easily compare the results, the same folds are used for each data transformation.

data = read.csv(file = paste0(ref, "reference_database.csv"), header = TRUE)

kernels = c(90,70,90,150)
folds = 10
repeats = 5
p = 0.5
nOutcome = length(unique(data$class))

dataList = list()

normd2.data = preprocess(data[,1:ncol(data)-1], type = "norm.d2")
normd2.data$class = data$class
dataList[["norm.d2"]] = normd2.data

sg.data = preprocess(data[,1:ncol(data)-1], type = "norm")
sg.data$class = data$class
dataList[["sg"]] = sg.data

rawd2.data = preprocess(data[,1:ncol(data)-1], type = "raw.d2")
rawd2.data$class = data$class
dataList[["raw.d2"]] = rawd2.data

normd1.data = preprocess(data[,1:ncol(data)-1], type = "norm.d1")
normd1.data$class = data$class
dataList[["norm.d1"]] = nnormd1.data


for (i in 1:length(dataList)){
  tmp = dataList[[i]]
  
  # preparing data inputs
  set.seed(42)
  foldIndex = lapply(1:repeats, caret::createDataPartition, y=sg.tmp$class, times = folds, p=p)
  foldIndex = do.call(c,foldIndex)
  
  cvData = list()
  for (rep in 1:repeats){
    rep_Index = foldIndex[(rep*folds-folds+1):(rep*folds)] #always jump to the correct number of folds forward for each repeat
    
    dataFold = lapply(1:folds,function(x){
      
      training = tmp[unlist(rep_Index[x]), ]
      validation = tmp[-unlist(rep_Index[x]), ]
      foldtmp = list(training,validation)
      names(foldtmp) = c("training","validation")
      return(foldtmp)
    })
    cvData[[rep]] = dataFold
  }
  results = data.frame(repeats = rep(0,repeats*folds),
                       fold = rep(0,repeats*folds),
                       loss = rep(0,repeats*folds),
                       acc = rep(0,repeats*folds))
  counter = 1
  for (rep in 1:repeats){
    #print(paste0("Starting repeat ",rep," out of ",repeats,"."))
    for (fold in 1:folds){
      
      variables = ncol(cvData[[rep]][[fold]][[1]])-1
      x_train = cvData[[rep]][[fold]][["training"]][,1:variables]
      y_train = unlist(cvData[[rep]][[fold]][["training"]][1+variables])
      x_test = cvData[[rep]][[fold]][["validation"]][,1:variables]
      y_test = unlist(cvData[[rep]][[fold]][["validation"]][1+variables])
      
      # function to get keras array for dataframes
      K <- keras::backend()
      df_to_karray <- function(df){
        tmp = as.matrix(df)
        tmp = K$expand_dims(tmp, axis = 2L)
        tmp = K$eval(tmp)
      }
      
      # coerce data to keras structure
      x_train = df_to_karray(x_train)
      x_test = df_to_karray(x_test)
      y_train = keras::to_categorical(as.numeric(y_train)-1,nOutcome)
      y_test = keras::to_categorical(as.numeric(y_test)-1,nOutcome)
      
      # fitting the model
      kernelMod = prepNNET(kernel, variables, nOutcome = nOutcome)
      historyMod =  keras::fit(kernelMod, x = x_train, y = y_train,
                               epochs=300,
                               batch_size = 10 )
      
      evalK = keras::evaluate(kernelMod, x=x_test, y=y_test)
      results$repeats[counter] = rep
      results$fold[counter] = fold
      results$loss[counter] = evalK$loss
      results$acc[counter] = evalK$acc
      print(results[counter,])
      counter = counter + 1
      write.csv(results, file = paste0(output,"nnet/cv/cvResults_K",kernel,".csv"))
    }
  }
}

We can now retrieve information about the accurcies for the complete CV process by calculating averages accross the accuracy values.

results = data.frame(type = c("norm.d2", "sg", "raw.d2", "norm.d1"), accuracy = rep(0, 4))
results$accuracy[1] = round(mean(results.normd2$acc), 3)
results$accuracy[2] = round(mean(results.sg$acc), 3)
results$accuracy[3] = round(mean(results.rawd2$acc), 3)
results$accuracy[4] = round(mean(results.normd1$acc), 3)
results = results[order(-results$accuracy),]
Tab. 2: Results of the repeated cross-valiation for different preprocessing types.
type accuracy
3 raw.d2 0.868
1 norm.d2 0.846
2 sg 0.839
4 norm.d1 0.830

With an accuracy of approximately 0.87 the use of the second derivative of the raw data yielded to the highest accuracy value when calculated in a cross-validation approach. With 0.85 the second derivative of the normalized data yielded to the second highest accuracy.


sessionInfo()
R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: Linux Mint 19.1

Matrix products: default
BLAS:   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/blas/libblas.so.3.7.1
LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.7.1

locale:
 [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C              
 [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8    
 [5] LC_MONETARY=de_DE.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8   
 [7] LC_PAPER=de_DE.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C                 
 [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C            
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=de_DE.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C       

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
 [1] tensorflow_1.14.0         abind_1.4-5              
 [3] e1071_1.7-2               keras_2.2.4.1            
 [5] workflowr_1.4.0.9001      baseline_1.2-1           
 [7] gridExtra_2.3             stringr_1.4.0            
 [9] prospectr_0.1.3           RcppArmadillo_0.9.600.4.0
[11] openxlsx_4.1.0.1          magrittr_1.5             
[13] ggplot2_3.2.0             reshape2_1.4.3           
[15] dplyr_0.8.3              

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] reticulate_1.13  tidyselect_0.2.5 xfun_0.8         purrr_0.3.2     
 [5] lattice_0.20-38  colorspace_1.4-1 generics_0.0.2   htmltools_0.3.6 
 [9] yaml_2.2.0       base64enc_0.1-3  rlang_0.4.0      pillar_1.4.2    
[13] glue_1.3.1       withr_2.1.2      foreach_1.4.7    plyr_1.8.4      
[17] munsell_0.5.0    gtable_0.3.0     zip_2.0.3        codetools_0.2-16
[21] evaluate_0.14    knitr_1.24       SparseM_1.77     tfruns_1.4      
[25] class_7.3-15     highr_0.8        Rcpp_1.0.2       scales_1.0.0    
[29] backports_1.1.4  jsonlite_1.6     fs_1.3.1         digest_0.6.20   
[33] stringi_1.4.3    grid_3.6.1       rprojroot_1.3-2  tools_3.6.1     
[37] lazyeval_0.2.2   tibble_2.1.3     crayon_1.3.4     whisker_0.3-2   
[41] pkgconfig_2.0.2  zeallot_0.1.0    Matrix_1.2-17    assertthat_0.2.1
[45] rmarkdown_1.14   iterators_1.0.12 R6_2.4.0         git2r_0.26.1    
[49] compiler_3.6.1