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Fine-mapping with functional annotations as priors has shown improved results in identifying causal variants. This project is to evaluate the utility of novel annotation features and adopt ones that can improve fine mapping results.

Evaluations on SCZ summary stats

GWAS summary statistics
Schizopherenia - Pardinas et al., 2018

  • 40675 cases and 64643 controls
  • CLOZUK sample + PGC sample (independent)
  • 179 independent GWAS significant SNPs mapped to 145 independent loci
  • SNPs were imputed using a combination of the 1KGPp3 and UK 10K datasets.
  • SNPs were filtered by NFO > 0.6 and MAF > 0.01
  • LD-score regression analysis: An LD reference was generated from 1KGPp3 after restricting this dataset to strictly unrelated individuals and retaining only markers with MAF > 0.01.

GWAS QC Procedures

  • Current procedures was based on Alan's finemappeR pipeline
  • Criteria for filtering gwas SNPs
  1. Remove all non-biallelic SNPs
  2. Remove all SNPs with strand-ambiguous alleles (SNPs with A/T, C/G alleles)
  3. Removed SNPs without rs IDs, duplicated rs IDs or base pair position.
  4. Removed SNPs not in the reference panels
  5. Removed SNPs whose base pair positions or alleles doesn’t match the reference panels
  6. Removed all SNPs on chromosome X, Y, and MT

After filtering, there are around 6 million variants remained. Plots for GWAS summary statistics

Procedures

  1. GWAS summary statistics was pre-processed to remove sex chromosomes, indels, ambiguous and duplicated SNPs.
  2. Currently, genotypes from 1kg European samples are used to compute LD between SNPs.
  3. SNPs in GWAS summary statistics were matched with the reference panel and assigned to a total of 1687 independent LD blocks.
  4. Run TORUS to perform genome-wide enrichment analyses.

Sequence constraints

context-dependent tolerance scores

  • context-dependent tolerance scores(CDTS) in percentiles
  • A score was computed for each 10bp bin in the genome.
  • The lower the score is, the more intolerant to variation is the bin.

How are constrained sequences overlapped with open chromatin regions in iPSC-derived neurons

QCs for brain OCR ATAC-seq peaks
There are very few peaks with size larger than 5kb across different brain ATAC-Seq profiles. The removal of large peaks did not improve the enrichment results.

Overlaps between two sets of genomic features were identified using bedtools intersect. The constrained sequences were counted to be overlapped when at least 20%(>=2 bp) intersect with peaks called from ATAC-Seq profiles. No reciprocal option used here due to the much shorter length of CDTS sequence.

Table 1-Summary of the overlaps between constrained sequences and open chromatin regions across tissues
b_cell iN_Dopa iN_GABA iN_Glut iPSC NPC t_cell
CDTS_1% 11.3% 46.9% 55.6% 45.4% 62.2% 44.2% 9.4%
CDTS_5% 3.5% 19% 21.9% 15.7% 25.9% 14.9% 2.5%
CDTS_50% 0.4% 5.8% 6.6% 3.4% 7.8% 2.9% 0.1%

Example of top 1% CDTS sequences and genes nearby
Conserved sequences found in the noncoding regions nearby gene YPEL4, which is a member of the highly conserved YPEL gene family.

Summary-table1:
Overall, CDTS at top percentiles are more enriched in open chromatin regions from brain than immune cells. CDTS at 50% threshold can be regarded as a negative control, which implies that less constrained sequence bins have much less overlapping with OCRs in neurons.

How are the highly conserved CDTS bins overlapping with genomic segments?

Genomic regions were extracted from gencode and processed based on the post from Dave Tang (https://davetang.org/muse/2013/01/18/defining-genomic-regions/). The non-coding CDTS at top 5% were obtained by combining CDTS in top 5% bins completely overlapping both intergenic and intron regions. In total, 91% of original CDTS at top 5% bins are located in the non-coding regions. The intersection of CDTS bins and genomic regions were obtained using the following code: bedtools intersect -a in.bed -b *.regions.bed -wa -wb -f 1

Table 2-Summary of overlapping between CDTS and genomic segment annotations
cds exon gene intergenic introns UTR
CDTS_1% 16.6% 38.2% 79.6% 19.7% 61.8% 15.7%
CDTS_5% 7.7% 18.4% 75.7% 23.7% 67.4% 7.3%
Table 3-Breakdown of CDTS and OCR overlaps by genomic segments
cds exon gene intergenic introns UTR
CDTS5%_iN-Glut 7.3% 30.9% 76.3% 23.7% 68.2% 16.5%
CDTS5%_iPSC 7.4% 26.4% 75% 25% 66.8% 12.7%
CDTS5%_B-cell 7.5% 36.1% 74.1% 25.9% 65.7% 20.6%

Summary-table2
1. Overall, CDTS top percentile bins are mainly located in intron regions, which is consistent with the results in the paper.
2. Around 20% of CDTS bins overlap with exons or intergenic regions.
3. We may look into other annotations such as promoter and enhancers.

Summary-table3
1. The compositions of the CDTS-OCR overlaps in terms of genomic regions are quite consistent across cell types.
2. Generally, there are twice amount of CDTS-OCR overlaps resided in introns than in exons.

Enrichment analysis

  • Compare with OCRs in iPSC-derived neurons

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

The enrichment estimate has a confience level above zero for CDTS and positive controls. This shows SNPs associated with SCZ are on average ~ 9 fold enriched in genomic bins with up to 5 percentile of CDTS.

  • Compare with intra-species constraints

    • LINSIGHT
      • predict how noncoding nucleotide sites are likely to have deleterious fitness consequences and hence be phenotypically important
      • genome-wide average of LINSIGHT scores was ~0.07 (range: 0.03-0.99)
      • Estimated mean LINSIGHT score for conserved TFBSs was 0.24->used as cutoff for whether the nucelotide site is conserved
      • 2.5% of GWAS SNPs are above LINSIGHT threshold.
    • CADD [Combined Annotation–Dependent Depletion]
      • provides metrics of deleteriousness
      • scaled PHRED score [-10log10(P)]
      • 5% cutoff, which represents top 5% of all possible reference genome SNVs
    • GERP [Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling]
      • produce position-specific estimates of evolutionary constraint
      • constraint intensity quantified as a "rejection score" range from -12.3 to 6.17
      • UCSC suggests a RS of 2 (high sensitivity and strongly enriched for true constraint sites)

Compare top k-th percentile of CDTS bins vs top k-th percentile scores of other annotations

           top5%_CDTS top5%_CADD
top5%_CDTS      1.000      0.108
top5%_CADD      0.154      1.000
                top10%_CDTS top10%_LINSIGHT top10%_GERP
top10%_CDTS            1.00            0.01       0.087
top10%_LINSIGHT        0.12            1.00          NA
top10%_GERP            0.12              NA       1.000

Summary:

  1. Overall, there is a maximum of 15.4% overlapping between the bases within the top CDTS bins and those ranked among top annotation scores.

  2. Only 1% of bases from top 10% CDTS bins have LINSIGHT scores above 10%, probably due to many missing predictions in LINSIGHT.

The correlation table shows the pair-wise correlations between ranks for the conservation scores on GWAS SNPs across all the annotations. CDTS seems to be uncorrelated to other conservation scores. CADD has a moderate correlation separately with LINSIGHT and GERP. A low correlation observed between GERP and LINSIGHT.

joint enrichment analysis over conservation-related annotations

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

With other conservation annotations as predictors in the model, we can see CDTS within top 5 percentile still shows around 8 fold enrichment.

3D Genome folding

  • Akita is a deep-learning method that predicts variant effects on 3D genome folding
  • train Hi-C/Micro C and 1D DNA sequences and then make predictions at variant-level given any DNA sequence

contact maps generated with ref/alt at rs339331
comparison of contact maps surrounding rs339331 between ref and alt alleles

Summary statistics - SNP contact difference scores (SCD) Distribution of disruption scores

Only two SNPs are within 95% credible sets

GWAS loci: * 11 24367339 24412992 rs1899543 * 3 17221017 17888256 rs11409090

By overlapping SNPs with a cumulative 95% of posterior probablity and CTCF peaks, I found only 57 out of 6104 the SNPs are within CTCF peaks. The amount of overlapped SNPs increases to 71 if 100bp flanking region incluode or 133 if 500bp flanking region included. flank ctcf_pred ctcfl_pred ctcf_peaks

Table 5-Summary of overlapping between fine-mapped SNPs and CTCF motifs/peaks
ctcf_pred ctcfl_pred ctcf_peaks
flank0 39 113 57
flank10 72 271 59
flank100 361 1243 71
flank500 1349 3359 133

Joint enrichment for CTCF-related annotations

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

DNA methylation

procedure

  1. concatenate and sort CG DNA methylation regions across 21 clusters
  2. use bedtools merge -i merged.bed to merge overlapped regions in the concatenated bed file
  3. check the distribution of peak lengths
    Histogram for the sizes of DNA methylation regions Joint enrichment results

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Post-Transcriptional Regulation

m6A modification

m6A regions across tissues
No differences in enrichment of SCZ risk variants across tissues

Joint enrichment analysis

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Splicing

SpliceAI is a deep CNN method with a ResNets architecture. It provides a general prediction of splicing with precision from an arbitrary pre-mRNA sequence. For each nucleotide in the pre-mRNA transcript, SpliceAI examines 5kb away from it to predict the probability of this nucleotide being acceptor, donor or neither.

Binary annotations at different cutoffs

SCZ

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

SpliceAI predictions with a cutoff lower than 0.05 show enrichment with SCZ risk variants. This implies SCZ risk variants are less likely to affect traits by disrupting mRNA splicing.

Across tissues and cutoffs

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

For traits such as aFib, allergy, ibdCD, we observed that variants with predicted scores at a cutoff of 0.1 are more enriched with GWAS-associated SNPs. However, other traits require the predicted scores to be as low as 0.05 to show enrichment with GWAS-associated SNPs. Sample size may not be the main factor for the enrichment based on the results from BMI and height. It is interesting to see the enrichment of splicing variants in immune related disorders.

Joint enrichment results for m6A
m6A features were previously found to be cell type specific. The best tissue for each trait was selected based on Christine's enrichment analyses using S-LDSC.

  • BMI - liver
  • Height - lung
  • HDL - liver
  • LDL - liver
  • SCZ - brain
  • IBD - stomach

Evalutaion Across traits

Refined annotation set for Torus joint analysis

Schizophrenia

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Stratified-LSDC results

Procedures

  1. Built the annotation sets by combining our own refined annotations with the baseline_LD annotations from S-LDSC.
  2. Computed LD scores for this customized annotation set
  3. Run S-LDSC using the ldsc.py code from the PolyFun.
  4. The functional enrichment estimates were based on all SNPs, instead of only commmon SNPs.
  5. Efficient sample size needs to be considered. (TO DO)

Schizophrenia

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

By performing S-LDSC analysis, we see DNA methylation and CDTS annotations shows 6-8 fold enrichment with SCZ variants conditional on all other annotations.

Across traits

Notes

  • Annotations with no estimates mean they have negative values.
  • If the lower end of 95% confidence interval of an estimate is negative, it will be assigned as 0.05 (-4.3 as log2 based).

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Version Author Date
05f73e9 Jing Gu 2021-09-01

Overall, we see Torus and S-LDSC generates similar enrichment estimates, except for ibd_UC trait. There seems to be some discrepancy in the estimates, which needs a closer look. We so see the performance of annotations varies across traits.

  • CDTS at top 5% bins that locate in non-coding regions can better distinguish SCZ from lipid-related trait, but no from bmi, height or immune related traits.
  • Human CpG methylations can distinguish SCZ from both immune related traits and lipid-related traits.
  • M6A can better distinguish SCZ from immune related traits.
  • SCZ variants are not enriched in protein coding regions, while variants associated with all other traits are enriched in protein coding regions.
# gwas<-readRDS("~/cluster/data/gwas/2_Filtered/scz_2018.rds")
# head(gwas)
# intergenic<-read.table("/home/jinggu/resources/genomes/intergenic_hg19_sorted.bed", header = F)
# snpRanges <- make_ranges(paste0("chr", gwas$chr), gwas$pos, gwas$pos)
# snpRanges <- plyranges::mutate(snpRanges, snp=gwas$snp)
# bedRanges<-make_ranges(intergenic$V1, intergenic$V2, intergenic$V3)
# overlaps<-IRanges::subsetByOverlaps(snpRanges, bedRanges)
# subgwas<-subset(gwas, subset=gwas$snp %in% overlaps$snp)

sessionInfo()
R version 4.0.4 (2021-02-15)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: Scientific Linux 7.4 (Nitrogen)

Matrix products: default
BLAS/LAPACK: /software/openblas-0.3.13-el7-x86_64/lib/libopenblas_haswellp-r0.3.13.so

locale:
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[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C       

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
[1] ggpubr_0.4.0      gridExtra_2.3     ggplot2_3.3.3     knitr_1.31       
[5] data.table_1.14.0 workflowr_1.6.2  

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
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 [9] backports_1.2.1   evaluate_0.14     highr_0.8         pillar_1.5.0     
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[21] stringr_1.4.0     foreign_0.8-81    munsell_0.5.0     broom_0.7.5      
[25] compiler_4.0.4    httpuv_1.5.5      xfun_0.21         pkgconfig_2.0.3  
[29] htmltools_0.5.1.1 tidyselect_1.1.1  tibble_3.0.6      rio_0.5.16       
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[37] later_1.1.0.1     grid_4.0.4        jsonlite_1.7.2    gtable_0.3.0     
[41] lifecycle_1.0.0   DBI_1.1.1         git2r_0.28.0      magrittr_2.0.1   
[45] scales_1.1.1      zip_2.1.1         stringi_1.5.3     carData_3.0-4    
[49] farver_2.0.3      ggsignif_0.6.1    fs_1.5.0          promises_1.2.0.1 
[53] bslib_0.2.4       ellipsis_0.3.2    generics_0.1.0    vctrs_0.3.8      
[57] cowplot_1.1.1     openxlsx_4.2.3    tools_4.0.4       forcats_0.5.1    
[61] glue_1.4.2        purrr_0.3.4       hms_1.0.0         abind_1.4-5      
[65] yaml_2.2.1        colorspace_2.0-0  rstatix_0.7.0     haven_2.3.1      
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