Bio322.galaxy1
Marie Saitou
9/25/2021
Last updated: 2021-09-27
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Knit directory: Bio322/
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0. Introduction
This is a set of introductory hands-on exercises to get to know about single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. These exercises align with the learning goals from module 1 and lectures of Bio322. https://www.nmbu.no/course/BIO322
In this task, we will learn how to analyze transcriptome data at the single-cell level. (1) We will learn cell clustering based on transcriptome, and how to identify marker genes. (2) Also we will identify multipotent progenitor stem cells in the cell clusters.
Before you start, If you are not familiar with Galaxy, please explore it. (1.1 and 1.2 in this page)
We will use dataset from this paper and pipeline from this: tutorial. RaceID is an analytic package for single-cell RNA sequence data sets.
The data was intestinal stem cells of mice, with the aim of discovering distinct cell sub-populations and deriving a lineage tree between them to find out how these sub-populations relate one another.
1. Get the cell - gene expression matrix data
https://zenodo.org/record/1511582/files/intestinalData.tsvLet’s explore the data set. 
You can see the data summary and whole data, by clicking the file name and “eye” icon for each. In the dataset, you will see gene names in the first row, and Cell IDs in the first column. The number inside the matrix is the gene expression of each cell.
2. Filter lowly-expressed genes and cells
First, we want to remove low-quality cell and lowly-expressed genes from the dataset with Initial processing using RaceID Tool: (You can search for “RaceID” in the left window.)
Now, we want to include only:
- Cells with total transcripts are larger than or equal to 3000.
- Genes that are with more than 5 expression in more than 5 cells.
Question
How should we set the parameters?
Click for answer
In the PDF file (If Galaxy is too slow, you can get the pdf here). We will go over the first three graphs.
X-axis: log10 Library Size (total number of transcripts per cell)
Y-axis: Observed number of cells
X-axis: log10 Feature Set (total number of expressed genes per cell)
Y-axis: Observed number of cells
X-axis: log10 Library Size after filtering (cells with minimum 3000 transcripts = library size)
Y-axis: Observed number of cells
Total number of expressed genes per cell after filtering
Question
How many genes remained? How many cells remained?
If Galaxy is too slow, you can have a look the result below.
Click
- Source:: genes: 20268 , cells: 431
- Filter:: genes: 2089 , cells: 287
:: 10.3 % of genes remain, 66.6 % of cells remain3. Clustering
Here, we want to group cells based on gene expression pattern. I will explain it when most people get the results of 3..
Execute “Clustering with Race ID” with default setting on the RDS data after filtering (2). You can get the RDS file from here
You will get several result files. Let’s look at the pdf file.
3-1.Clustering method
Click for result
(Top-Left figure) This may look complicated, but important to understand the significance and the algorithm of clustering. The x-axis shows number of clusters. The algorithm explored how many clusters explain the data best (One cluster, two clusters, three clusters…). The lower the y-value is, the cleaner each cluster is.
3-2. Outlier cells
In the pdf, page 2 bottom, you see colorful bars.Each bar represents each cell, and the color is corresponding to cluster. The y-axis shows the probability the cell is outlier (shows distinct gene expression pattern within cluster). You see several bars above the threshold (broken line).
Click for result
After outlier detection, several cells were moved to cluster “13” and “14”.
The heatmap shows the similarlity of gene expression pattern between each cell in each cluster.Click for result
3-3. Marker genes
Cluster - Genes per Cluster
The heatmaps below show genes that are specifically expressed in certain cluster. For example, Gstm3, St3gal4, Gna11, Krt8 … show distinct expression pattern from other clusters.
**Click for result*
You can also see a table with all the marker genes at Cluster - genes per Cluster. 
Question
Examine marker gene heatmap in cluster11. You will see multiple similar genes that are specifically expressed in cluster 11. That is the function of this gene group?
Click for answer
Defa (Defensine Alpha) is antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides thought to be involved in host defense. Ref Link
(optional) Gene Ontology analysis
Gene Ontology analysis: given a set of genes, an enrichment analysis will find which terms are over-represented using functional annotations for that gene set.
Let’s see the function of cluster 6 marker genes.
Go to GOrilla and put the following parameters.
Step1: Mus musculus Step2: Two unranked lists of genes (target and background lists)
Step3 Target set: Paste the marker gene names of cluster 11 from the table (Cluster - Genes per Cluster) Background set: “upload a file” and put this file which includes all the mouse genes. Step4: Select All Step5: “Search Enriched GO terms”
Explore the results… What biological pathways are enriched in cluster 11 marker genes? What about cluster 6 marker genes?
Click for answer
Cluster 11 marker genes: immunity-related function Cluster 6 marker genes: lipid-related function
4. Differential gene expression analysis
I will explain it when most people get the results of 4 and 5.
Here, we will learn how to visualize and interpret deferentially expressed genes between cell clusters. We can see that cluster 11 looks different from other clusters in both methods.
Now, let’s explore
Cluster Inspection using RaceID Differential Gene Testing: Yes
Cells in Set A Name of Set: Cells in 1 Selection method: Cluster Numbers List of clusters: 1
Cells in Set B Name of Set: Cells in 2 Selection method: Cluster Numbers List of clusters: 2 Use Defaults?: Yes
You will get “MA plot” in the pdf file. Here is how to interpret it. 
5. Trajectory analysis
Now, we want to know which cell cluster is the multipotent progenitor stem cells. Linage computation using StemID PDF report
- The first panel: the number of links between each cluster and another cluster.
- The second panel: the “Delta-Entropy” which measures the variability of gene expression values within a cluster
- The third panel: the number of links multiplied by the gene expression variability
Click for result
Blue: Higher level of cluster entropy - progenitor cell type Red: Lower level of cluster entropy - mature types Link Width - the number of cells in the cluster Red: Stronger link level Green: Weaker link level
sessionInfo()R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Big Sur 10.16
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/lib/libRblas.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] workflowr_1.6.2
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] Rcpp_1.0.7 whisker_0.4 knitr_1.33 magrittr_2.0.1
[5] R6_2.5.0 rlang_0.4.11 fansi_0.5.0 stringr_1.4.0
[9] tools_4.1.0 xfun_0.24 utf8_1.2.2 git2r_0.28.0
[13] htmltools_0.5.1.1 ellipsis_0.3.2 rprojroot_2.0.2 yaml_2.2.1
[17] digest_0.6.27 tibble_3.1.3 lifecycle_1.0.0 crayon_1.4.1
[21] later_1.3.0 vctrs_0.3.8 promises_1.2.0.1 fs_1.5.0
[25] glue_1.4.2 evaluate_0.14 rmarkdown_2.9 stringi_1.7.3
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