Last updated: 2021-09-10

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0. Introduction

This is a set of introductory hands-on exercises to get to know more about the genomes of various animals with public databases. These exercises align the learning goals from module 1 and lectures of Bio322. https://www.nmbu.no/course/BIO322

You can submit your answers on Canvas.

Task 1-1 Explore the human genome content

Let’s explore actual genome databases and get to know the genome contents and feature.

Click the following icon. Let’s explore the human genome

Here, as one example, we are going to look into BRCA2 gene.

Investigate the BRCA gene as an example

You can see multiple transcripts of the BRCA2 gene

Click “Ontologies” and “Phenotypes” to explore the reported function of this gene.

Scroll down to see the transcripts and regulartory regions

Here, there are several questions: ## Question 1 Explore the human genome

  • (1-A) What mechanism generates multiple transcripts from one gene?
  • (1-B) What is an enhancer, promoter, and transcription factor binding site?
  • (1-C) When you want to know function of a gene, what research plan would you make?

Task 1-2 Explore multiple genomes - genome contents

Now, we are going to compare human genome and genomes of other animals.

Go back to the human genome page, and click “(i) More information and statistics”

Statistics

Question 2

  • (2-A) How much are the Base Pairs, Coding genes, Non-coding genes, Pseudogenes, Gene transcripts in the human genome?

Similarly, let’s explore the genome of

  • Chicken
  • Common carp
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae (What is its common name??)

and

  • (2-A, continued) write down: Base Pairs, Coding genes, Non-coding genes, Pseudogenes, Gene transcripts in their genomes. If you are ambitious, make a plot of these.

  • (2-B) Why is there variation in genome size and gene numbers? How they have been changed in the process of evolution?

  • (2-C) How do non-coding genes work?

  • (2-D) What are pseudogenes? How are they generated?

  • (2-E) Which species has the most genes? What are the advantages of having many genes?

Task 3 Explore multiple genomes - synteny

In this task, we are going to compare the structure of multiple genomes.

SynCircos is a tool to compare the contents of chromosomes from mulciple species. http://bioinfo.konkuk.ac.kr/synteny_portal/

First, compare chromosome 1 of human, gorilla, mouse and cow.

four mammals

We can see that human and gorilla have a quite similar chromosome one content.

However, mouse has only one-third of human chromosome one’s content, and cow’s chromosome one is entirely different from human’s.

So, where in the genome do cow and mouse have human chromosome one’e elements?

four mammals

Let’s compare human chromosome one and other chromoosmes of mouse and cow.

four mammals

And download the result. four mammals

Question 3

  • (3-B) Where in the genome do cow and mouse have human chromosome one’s elements?

Task 4 Explore multiple genomes - structure

In this task, we are going to compare the structure of multiple genomes. http://pipmaker.bx.psu.edu/pipmaker/pip-instr.html