Last updated: 2017-03-06

Code version: c7339fc This illustrates how the prior, likelihood, and posterior behave for inference for a normal mean ($$\mu$$) from normal-distributed data, with a conjugate prior on $$\mu$$.

Specifically the prior on $$\mu$$ is N($$\mu_0$$, $$\tau_0^2$$) [dotted line] and the data is sampled from a normal distribution N($$\mu$$, $$\sigma^2$$), which gives the likelihood [black line]. Note that the likelihood is scaled so it fits nicely on the graph (remember, likelihoods only matter up to a constant, so you can scale them however is convenient).

Because the normal distribution is the conjugate prior for normal sampling, the posterior distribution is also a normal distribution, and is shown in red.

By Bayes theorem:

$\text{Pr}(\mu \, | \, \mathbf{y}, \sigma^2) \propto \text{Pr}(\mathbf{y} \, | \, \mu, \sigma^2) \text{Pr}(\mu)$

$\text{N}(\mu_1, \tau_1^2) = \text{N}(\mu, \sigma^2) \text{N}(\mu_0, \tau_0^2)$

where the posterior mean:

$\mu_1 = \frac{\frac{\mu_0}{\tau_0^2} + \frac{n \bar{y}}{\sigma^2}}{\frac{1}{\tau_0^2} + \frac{n}{\sigma^2}}$

and the posterior variance:

$\tau_1^2 = (\frac{1}{\tau_0^2} + \frac{n}{\sigma^2})^{-1}$

An interactive app that shows how the posterior distribution will change when the prior and the (scaled) data likelihood changes:

The source code of the app can be found here.

## Session information

sessionInfo()
R version 3.3.2 (2016-10-31)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS

locale:
[1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C
[3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
[5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
[7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base

other attached packages:
[1] knitr_1.15.1       MASS_7.3-45        expm_0.999-0
[4] Matrix_1.2-8       workflowr_0.4.0    rmarkdown_1.3.9004

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] Rcpp_0.12.9     lattice_0.20-34 gtools_3.5.0    digest_0.6.12
[5] rprojroot_1.2   mime_0.5        R6_2.2.0        grid_3.3.2
[9] xtable_1.8-2    backports_1.0.5 git2r_0.18.0    magrittr_1.5
[13] evaluate_0.10   stringi_1.1.2   tools_3.3.2     stringr_1.2.0
[17] shiny_1.0.0     httpuv_1.3.3    yaml_2.1.14     htmltools_0.3.5

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