Last updated: 2025-10-04

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Unstaged changes:
    Modified:   analysis/1_Trials-and-traits-2023.Rmd

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File	Version	Author	Date	Message
Rmd	b439863	WevertonGomesCosta	2025-10-04	update trials-and-traits-2023
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Rmd	4edf925	WevertonGomesCosta	2025-10-04	add scripts rmd

Ótimo, Weverton 🙌. O código já está bem estruturado, mas podemos refinar as descrições, comentários e interpretações para deixá-lo mais didático e profissional, no estilo de um tutorial científico. Veja a versão aprimorada:

Introduction

This script analyzes the number of cassava field trials and traits evaluated per year in the Embrapa Cassava Breeding Program, using data from CassavaBase.
The objective is to quantify the expansion of the breeding program in terms of experimental trials and phenotypic traits, and to provide a detailed summary of the trials conducted in 2022/2023.

We will go through the following steps:

Load required packages
Import metadata from CassavaBase
Calculate and plot the number of trials per year
Calculate and plot the number of traits per year
Generate summary tables of traits evaluated
Summarize the number of trials and clones in 2022/2023

Step 1: Loading Packages

We start by loading the main R packages used in the analysis.
Each package plays a specific role:
- ggthemes / grafify → improve the aesthetics of plots
- tidyverse → data wrangling and visualization
- readxl → import Excel spreadsheets
- data.table → efficient handling of large datasets
- genomicMateSelectR → integration with CassavaBase data formats
- janitor → cleaning and reshaping data tables

library(ggthemes)          # Themes for ggplot2
library(grafify)           # Color palettes for plots
library(tidyverse)         # Data manipulation and visualization
library(readxl)            # Import Excel files
library(data.table)        # Efficient data handling
library(genomicMateSelectR)# CassavaBase data integration
library(janitor)           # Data cleaning helpers

Step 2: Importing Metadata

We import the metadata file (metadata1.csv), which contains information about each trial (year, location, design, etc.).
This dataset is the foundation for calculating the number of trials per year.

dbdata <- read_delim(
  "data/metadata1.csv",
  delim = ";",
  escape_double = FALSE,
  trim_ws = TRUE
)

Step 3: Number of Trials per Year

Here we calculate the number of trials conducted each year.
- We exclude 2023, since data collection was incomplete at the time of analysis.
- We reformat the year as a crop cycle (e.g., 2021/2022).
- We group by year and count the number of trials.
- For 2022/2023, we manually adjust the count to 49 trials (based on fieldbook records).

number_trials_year <- dbdata %>%
  filter(studyYear != "2023") %>% 
  droplevels() %>% 
  mutate(
    studyYear = paste0(studyYear, "/", studyYear + 1),
    studyYear = as.factor(studyYear)
  ) %>%
  group_by(studyYear) %>%
  tally() %>% 
  mutate(n = ifelse(studyYear == "2022/2023", 49, n))

Plotting the number of trials

We visualize the number of trials per year using a bar chart.
Labels above the bars indicate the exact number of trials, and the subtitle shows the total across all years.

number_trials_year %>%
  ggplot() +
  geom_col(aes(x = studyYear, y = n, fill = studyYear), show.legend = F) +
  geom_text(aes(x = studyYear, y = n + 1, label = n), size = 2, vjust = 0) +
  theme_bw() +
  scale_fill_grafify(palette = "kelly") +
  labs(
    title = "Number of trials inserted in CassavaBase - EMBRAPA",
    subtitle = paste("Total number of trials = ", sum(number_trials_year$n)),
    x = "Study Year",
    y = "Number of Trials Inserted"
  ) +
  theme(text = element_text(size = 10),
        axis.text.x = element_text(face ="bold", angle = 45, hjust = 1))

Version	Author	Date
b439863	WevertonGomesCosta	2025-10-04

Interpretation:
The plot shows a steady increase in the number of trials since 2018, reflecting the program’s expansion and the systematic effort to document experiments in CassavaBase.

Step 4: Number of Traits per Year

Next, we calculate how many traits were evaluated each year.
- We select only trait columns from the phenotype dataset.
- For each year, we compute whether a trait was measured (1) or not (0).
- We then sum across traits to obtain the total number of traits evaluated per year.

dbdata <- readDBdata(phenotypeFile = here::here("data", "phenotype.csv"))

number_traits_year <- dbdata %>%
  select(studyYear,
         amylose.content.in.ug.g.percentage.CO_334.0000075:total.carotenoid.by.iCheck.method.CO_334.0000162) %>%
  group_by(studyYear) %>%
  summarise(across(
    everything(),
    ~ if (is.numeric(.)) mean(., na.rm = TRUE) else first(.)
  )) %>%
  mutate(studyYear = paste0(studyYear, "/", studyYear + 1),
         studyYear = as.factor(studyYear)) %>%
  mutate(across(where(is.numeric), ~ ifelse(is.na(.), 0, 1))) %>%
  mutate(sum = rowSums(select(., where(is.numeric)), na.rm = TRUE))

Plotting the number of traits

number_traits_year %>%
  select(where(~ n_distinct(.) > 1)) %>%
  ggplot() +
  geom_col(aes(x = studyYear, y = sum, fill = studyYear), show.legend = F) +
  geom_text(aes(x = studyYear, y = sum, label = sum), vjust = -0.5, size = 2) +
  theme_bw() +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
  labs(
    title = "Number of traits evaluated by year in CassavaBase - EMBRAPA",
    subtitle = paste("Total number of traits = ", ncol(number_traits_year) - 1),
    x = "Study Year",
    y = "Number of traits evaluated"
  ) +
  theme(text = element_text(size = 10),
        axis.text.x = element_text(face ="bold", angle = 45, hjust = 1))

Version	Author	Date
b439863	WevertonGomesCosta	2025-10-04

Interpretation:
The number of traits evaluated has increased over time, reaching 69 traits in total.
This demonstrates the program’s effort to integrate yield, quality, and stress tolerance traits into the breeding pipeline, moving beyond simple yield evaluation.

Step 5: Trait Table

Finally, we generate a trait-by-year table.
This table indicates with an “x” whether a given trait was evaluated in a specific year, providing a quick overview of trait coverage across years.

number_traits_year2 <- number_traits_year %>%
  select(-sum) %>%
  t() %>%
  row_to_names(row_number = 1) %>%
  as_tibble(rownames = "Trait") %>%
  mutate(across(c(2:12), ~ ifelse(. == 1, "x", NA)))

Interpretation:
This table is useful for identifying when each trait started being measured and for tracking the evolution of phenotyping priorities in the breeding program.

Step 6: Trials and Clones in 2022/2023

Now we focus on the field trials conducted in 2022/2023.
This step summarizes the number of trials and the number of clones evaluated in each trial type (AYT, PYT, UYT, MULT, CB).

trials_22 <- list.files(path = "data/Arquivos Fieldbook 2022",
                        pattern = "BR.",
                        full.names = T) %>%
  set_names() %>%
  map_df(~ read_excel(., .name_repair = janitor::make_clean_names), .id = "sheet") %>%
  mutate(
    trial_type = toupper(str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', 2)),
    trial = paste("BR", trial_type, "22", sep = "."),
    locate = ifelse(sheet == "data/Arquivos Fieldbook 2022/BR.UYT.WD.22.BJL_1.xls",
                    str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', 3),
                    str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', -2))
  )

Step 6.1: Number of Accessions (Clones)

We calculate the number of unique clones evaluated per trial type.

accession_number <- trials_22 %>%
  mutate(accession_name2 = str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', -1),
         accession_name2 = str_split_i(accession_name2, '_', 1),
         trial_type = case_when(
           str_detect(trial_type, "AYT") ~ "AYT",
           str_detect(trial_type, "CB") ~ "CB",
           str_detect(trial_type, "MULT") ~ "MULT",
           str_detect(trial_type, "PYT") ~ "PYT",
           str_detect(trial_type, "UYT") ~ "UYT",
           .default = trial_type)) %>%
  group_by(trial_type, accession_name2) %>%
  tally() %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  group_by(trial_type) %>%
  tally() %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  rename(n_clones = n)

Interpretation:
This table shows how many clones were tested in each type of trial.
For example:
- AYT: ~113 clones
- PYT: ~156 clones
- UYT: ~95 clones
- MULT: ~1227 clones
- CB: ~258 clones

This reflects the selection funnel: many clones in early stages (PYT/MULT) and fewer in advanced stages (UYT).

Step 6.2: Number of Trials per Type

We now summarize how many trials were conducted in each category.

trials_22 %>%
  mutate(trial_type = case_when(
    str_detect(trial_type, "AYT") ~ "AYT",
    str_detect(trial_type, "CB") ~ "CB",
    str_detect(trial_type, "MULT") ~ "MULT",
    str_detect(trial_type, "PYT") ~ "PYT",
    str_detect(trial_type, "UYT") ~ "UYT",
    .default = trial_type)) %>%
  group_by(trial, trial_type, locate) %>%
  tally() %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  group_by(trial_type) %>%
  tally() %>%
  ungroup()

# A tibble: 7 × 2
  trial_type     n
  <chr>      <int>
1 AYT            9
2 CB             2
3 CET            1
4 MULT           3
5 PTBAG          1
6 PYT            3
7 UYT           26

Interpretation:
This confirms the distribution of trials:
- AYT: 9 trials
- PYT: 3 trials
- UYT: 26 trials
- MULT: 3 trials
- CB: 2 trials

Step 6.3: UYT Trials by Location

Uniform Yield Trials (UYT) are conducted across multiple locations to test clone stability and adaptation.

UYT <- trials_22 %>%
  group_by(trial, trial_type, locate) %>%
  tally() %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = locate, values_from = n) %>%
  filter(str_detect(trial, "UYT")) %>%
  pivot_longer(cols = 3:31, names_to = "locate", values_to = "n") %>%
  filter(!is.na(n))

locate_UYT <- UYT %>%
  group_by(locate) %>%
  tally()

Interpretation:
This summary shows how many UYT trials were conducted in each location (e.g., Cruz das Almas, Laje, Alagoinhas, Dourados).
It highlights the multi-environment testing strategy of the breeding program.

Step 6.4: Other Trials (non-UYT)

We also summarize the other trial types (PYT, AYT, MULT, CB).

trials_22 <- list.files(path = "data/Arquivos Fieldbook 2022",
                        pattern = "BR.",
                        full.names = T) %>%
  set_names() %>%
  map_df(~ read_excel(., .name_repair = janitor::make_clean_names), .id = "sheet") %>%
  mutate(trial_type = toupper(str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', 2)),
         trial = paste("BR", trial_type, "22", sep = "."),
         locate = ifelse(sheet == "data/Arquivos Fieldbook 2022/BR.UYT.WD.22.BJL_1.xls",
                         str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', 3),
                         str_split_i(plot_name, '[.]', -2))) %>%
  group_by(trial, trial_type, locate) %>%
  tally() %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = locate, values_from = n) %>%
  filter(!str_detect(trial, "UYT")) %>%
  select_if(~ !all(is.na(.)))

trials_22 %>%
  mutate(soma = rowSums(.[3:ncol(trials_22)], na.rm = T)) %>%
  select(trial, trial_type, soma)

# A tibble: 11 × 3
   trial           trial_type  soma
   <chr>           <chr>      <dbl>
 1 BR.AYTIND.22    AYTIND      1066
 2 BR.AYTM.22      AYTM         430
 3 BR.CB.22        CB           196
 4 BR.CBGS-C4.22   CBGS-C4      110
 5 BR.CET.22       CET          832
 6 BR.MULT.22      MULT          31
 7 BR.MULTGS-C3.22 MULTGS-C3    538
 8 BR.MULTGS.22    MULTGS       807
 9 BR.PTBAG.22     PTBAG       2585
10 BR.PYT.22       PYT          636
11 BR.PYTO.22      PYTO          98

Interpretation:
This table summarizes the non-UYT trials, showing the number of plots per location.
It provides a clear view of where each trial type was conducted and the scale of evaluation.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we:

Counted the number of trials per year (2018–2023)
Quantified the number of traits evaluated (69 in total)
Generated tables showing which traits were evaluated each year
Summarized the number of trials and clones in 2022/2023
Distinguished between UYT (multi-location) and other trial types

Key message:
The Embrapa cassava breeding program has significantly expanded its experimental capacity, both in the number of trials and in the diversity of traits evaluated. This provides a strong foundation for genomic selection and the integration of yield, quality, and stress tolerance traits.

sessionInfo()

R version 4.5.1 (2025-06-13 ucrt)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 26100)

Matrix products: default
  LAPACK version 3.12.1

locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8  LC_CTYPE=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8   
[3] LC_MONETARY=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8 LC_NUMERIC=C                      
[5] LC_TIME=Portuguese_Brazil.utf8    

time zone: America/Sao_Paulo
tzcode source: internal

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
 [1] janitor_2.2.1            genomicMateSelectR_0.2.0 data.table_1.17.8       
 [4] readxl_1.4.5             lubridate_1.9.4          forcats_1.0.0           
 [7] stringr_1.5.2            dplyr_1.1.4              purrr_1.1.0             
[10] readr_2.1.5              tidyr_1.3.1              tibble_3.3.0            
[13] tidyverse_2.0.0          grafify_5.1.0            ggplot2_4.0.0           
[16] ggthemes_5.1.0          

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] Rdpack_2.6.4        gridExtra_2.3       sandwich_3.1-1     
 [4] rlang_1.1.6         magrittr_2.0.4      git2r_0.36.2       
 [7] multcomp_1.4-28     snakecase_0.11.1    compiler_4.5.1     
[10] mgcv_1.9-3          vctrs_0.6.5         pkgconfig_2.0.3    
[13] crayon_1.5.3        fastmap_1.2.0       backports_1.5.0    
[16] labeling_0.4.3      utf8_1.2.6          promises_1.3.3     
[19] rmarkdown_2.29      tzdb_0.5.0          nloptr_2.2.1       
[22] bit_4.6.0           xfun_0.53           cachem_1.1.0       
[25] jsonlite_2.0.0      later_1.4.4         parallel_4.5.1     
[28] cluster_2.1.8.1     R6_2.6.1            bslib_0.9.0        
[31] stringi_1.8.7       RColorBrewer_1.1-3  car_3.1-3          
[34] boot_1.3-31         rpart_4.1.24        jquerylib_0.1.4    
[37] cellranger_1.1.0    numDeriv_2016.8-1.1 estimability_1.5.1 
[40] Rcpp_1.1.0          knitr_1.50          zoo_1.8-14         
[43] base64enc_0.1-3     httpuv_1.6.16       Matrix_1.7-3       
[46] splines_4.5.1       nnet_7.3-20         timechange_0.3.0   
[49] tidyselect_1.2.1    rstudioapi_0.17.1   abind_1.4-8        
[52] yaml_2.3.10         codetools_0.2-20    lattice_0.22-7     
[55] lmerTest_3.1-3      withr_3.0.2         S7_0.2.0           
[58] evaluate_1.0.5      foreign_0.8-90      survival_3.8-3     
[61] pillar_1.11.1       carData_3.0-5       whisker_0.4.1      
[64] checkmate_2.3.3     reformulas_0.4.1    generics_0.1.4     
[67] vroom_1.6.5         rprojroot_2.1.1     hms_1.1.3          
[70] scales_1.4.0        minqa_1.2.8         xtable_1.8-4       
[73] glue_1.8.0          emmeans_1.11.2-8    Hmisc_5.2-3        
[76] tools_4.5.1         lme4_1.1-37         fs_1.6.6           
[79] mvtnorm_1.3-3       grid_4.5.1          rbibutils_2.3      
[82] colorspace_2.1-1    nlme_3.1-168        patchwork_1.3.2    
[85] htmlTable_2.4.3     Formula_1.2-5       cli_3.6.5          
[88] workflowr_1.7.2     gtable_0.3.6        sass_0.4.10        
[91] digest_0.6.37       TH.data_1.1-4       htmlwidgets_1.6.4  
[94] farver_2.1.2        htmltools_0.5.8.1   lifecycle_1.0.4    
[97] here_1.0.2          bit64_4.6.0-1       MASS_7.3-65

Weverton Gomes da Costa, Pós-Doutorando, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, wevertonufv@gmail.com ↩︎

Trials and Traits 2023

Costa, W. G.¹

2025-10-04

Introduction

Step 1: Loading Packages

Step 2: Importing Metadata

Step 3: Number of Trials per Year

Plotting the number of trials

Step 4: Number of Traits per Year

Plotting the number of traits

Step 5: Trait Table

Step 6: Trials and Clones in 2022/2023

Step 6.1: Number of Accessions (Clones)

Step 6.2: Number of Trials per Type

Step 6.3: UYT Trials by Location

Step 6.4: Other Trials (non-UYT)

Conclusion

Trials and Traits 2023

Costa, W. G.1

2025-10-04

Introduction

Step 1: Loading Packages

Step 2: Importing Metadata

Step 3: Number of Trials per Year

Plotting the number of trials

Step 4: Number of Traits per Year

Plotting the number of traits

Step 5: Trait Table

Step 6: Trials and Clones in 2022/2023

Step 6.1: Number of Accessions (Clones)

Step 6.2: Number of Trials per Type

Step 6.3: UYT Trials by Location

Step 6.4: Other Trials (non-UYT)

Conclusion

Costa, W. G.¹