Last updated: 2022-07-18

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Before you begin:

  • Make sure that R is installed on your computer
  • For this lab, we will use the following R libraries:
require(data.table)
require(dplyr)
require(tidyr)
require(GWASTools)
require(ggplot2)

GWAS in Samples with Structure & Using REGENIE

Introduction

We will be analyzing serum transferrin levels to identify whether there are associated variants in the genotype data. Serum transferrin is a biomarker which can give us information about iron levels in the body. Excessive iron can cause liver disease whereas iron deficiency can lead to anemia.

The file “Transferrin_pheno.txt”” contains the transferrin levels for a set of individuals and the file “Transferrin_height.bed” is a binary file in PLINK BED format with accompanying BIM and FAM files which contain the genotype data.

Exercises

Here are some things to try:

  1. Examine the dataset:
  • How many samples are present?
  • How many SNPs? In how many chromosomes?
  1. Examine the phenotype data:
  • How many individuals in the study have measurements?
  • What is the distribution of the phenotype? (hint: plot a histogram)
  1. Using PLINK, perform a GWAS of transferrin using the phenotype file Transferrin_pheno.txt and the Transferrin_height.{bed,bim,fam} genotype files. Only perform association test on SNPs that pass the following quality control threshold filters:
  • minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05
  • at least a 99% genotyping call rate (less than 1% missing)
  • HWE p-values greater than 0.001

The basic command would look like

plink2 --bfile Transferrin_height --pheno Transferrin_pheno.txt --pheno-name <pheno_name> --maf <min_MAF> --geno <max_miss> --hwe <hwe_p_thresh> --glm allow-no-covars --out <output_prefix>
  1. Make a Manhattan plot of the association results using the manhattanPlot() R function. The basic command would look like
manhattanPlot(
  p = <pvalues>,
  chromosome = <chromosomes>, 
  thinThreshold = 1e-4,
  main= <title>
)

Compare your Manhattan plot to the one shown in Benjamin et al. (2009, AJHG).

  1. Make a Q-Q plot of the association results using the qqPlot() R function. The basic command would look like
qqPlot(
  pval = <pvalues>,
  thinThreshold = 1e-4,
  main= <title>
 )
  1. Compute the genomic control inflation factor \(\lambda_{GC}\) based on the p-values. (Hint: convert p-values to \(\chi^2_1\) test statistics using the R function qchisq())

  2. Now use REGENIE to perform a GWAS of the phenotype using a whole genome regression model.

  • Write the list of samples with non-missing phenotype to file (FID/IID columns).

  • Using PLINK, apply QC filters to remove variants with MAF below 5%, missingness above 1%, HWE p-value below 0.001, minor allele count (MAC) below 20. Make sure to specify the ID of samples to analyze using --keep. (hint: use --write-snplist to store list of variants passing QC without making a new BED file)

  • Run REGENIE Step 1 to fit the null model and obtain polygenic predictions using LOCO. The basic command would look like

regenie --bed Transferrin_height --phenoFile Transferrin_pheno.txt --keep <nomiss.ids> --step 1 --bsize 1000 --qt --extract <plink_QC_pass_snplist> --out <output_prefix_step1>

Skip this step and instead download the Step 1 output file transferrin_regenie_step1_1.loco which contains the LOCO predictions for each chromosome.

Before running Step 2, generate the list file which has a single line with phenotype name followed by path to *.loco file; e.g.

Transferrin data/transferrin_regenie_step1_1.loco
  • Run REGENIE Step 2 to perform association testing at the same variants analyzed in PLINK. The basic command would look like
regenie --bed Transferrin_height --phenoFile Transferrin_pheno.txt --keep <nomiss.ids> --step 2 --bsize 400 --qt --pred <LOCO_list_file> --extract <plink_variant_list_file> --out <output_prefix_step2>
  • Generate Manhatthan and Q-Q plots based on the association results and compute \(\lambda_{GC}\).

sessionInfo()
R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Catalina 10.15.7

Matrix products: default
BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib

locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
[1] workflowr_1.7.0

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] Rcpp_1.0.8.3     bslib_0.3.1      jquerylib_0.1.4  compiler_3.6.1  
 [5] pillar_1.7.0     later_1.3.0      git2r_0.30.1     tools_3.6.1     
 [9] getPass_0.2-2    digest_0.6.25    jsonlite_1.7.2   evaluate_0.15   
[13] tibble_2.1.3     lifecycle_1.0.1  pkgconfig_2.0.3  rlang_1.0.1     
[17] cli_3.1.1        rstudioapi_0.13  yaml_2.2.1       xfun_0.31       
[21] fastmap_1.1.0    httr_1.4.3       stringr_1.4.0    knitr_1.39      
[25] sass_0.4.0       fs_1.5.2         vctrs_0.3.8      rprojroot_2.0.3 
[29] glue_1.6.1       R6_2.4.1         processx_3.5.3   fansi_0.4.1     
[33] rmarkdown_2.14   callr_3.7.0      magrittr_1.5     whisker_0.4     
[37] ps_1.7.0         promises_1.2.0.1 htmltools_0.5.2  ellipsis_0.3.2  
[41] httpuv_1.6.5     utf8_1.1.4       stringi_1.4.6    crayon_1.3.4