HBA2025_results
Paloma
2025-01-27
Last updated: 2025-03-08
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Knit directory: QUAIL-Mex/
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| File | Version | Author | Date | Message |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rmd | 77cc174 | Paloma | 2025-03-08 | more plots |
| html | 77cc174 | Paloma | 2025-03-08 | more plots |
| Rmd | 7866aba | Paloma | 2025-03-07 | newplots |
| html | 7866aba | Paloma | 2025-03-07 | newplots |
| Rmd | 3704a5a | Paloma | 2025-03-04 | add more vars |
| html | 3704a5a | Paloma | 2025-03-04 | add more vars |
Introduction
Here you will find the code used to obtain results shown in the annual meeting of the HBA, 2025.
Abstract:
Coping with water insecurity: women’s strategies and emotional responses in Iztapalapa, Mexico City
Water insecurity in urban areas presents distinctive challenges, particularly in marginalized communities. While past studies have documented how households adapt to poor water services, many of these coping strategies come at a significant personal cost. Here we examine the coping strategies and emotional impacts of unreliable water services among 400 women in Iztapalapa, Mexico City. Data were collected through surveys over the Fall of 2022 and Spring of 2023. We assessed household water access, water management practices, and emotional responses to local water services.
Results indicate that during acute water shortages, women can spend extended periods (several hours, or sometimes days) waiting for water trucks. Additionally, 57% of respondents reported feeling frustrated or angry about their water situation, while around 20% experienced family conflicts over water use or community-level conflicts around water management, often involving water vendors or government services.
This study offers one of the first in-depth examinations of how water insecurity specifically affects women in Iztapalapa, a densely populated region of Mexico City with severe water access challenges. The findings highlight the urgent need for policy interventions that address water insecurity with a gender-sensitive approach, recognizing the disproportionate burden placed on women as primary water managers in their households.
# Ensure HW_TOTAL is numeric
data$HW_TOTAL <- as.numeric(data$HW_TOTAL)
# Categorize HW_TOTAL into four groups
data <- data %>%
mutate(HW_TOTAL_category = case_when(
HW_TOTAL >= 0 & HW_TOTAL <= 2 ~ "No-to-Marginal",
HW_TOTAL >= 3 & HW_TOTAL <= 11 ~ "Low",
HW_TOTAL >= 12 & HW_TOTAL <= 23 ~ "Moderate",
HW_TOTAL >= 24 & HW_TOTAL <= 36 ~ "High",
TRUE ~ NA_character_ # Assign NA if value is missing or out of range
))
# Convert to factor to maintain categorical order
data$HW_TOTAL_category <- factor(data$HW_TOTAL_category,
levels = c("No-to-Marginal", "Low", "Moderate", "High"))
# HWISE scores
summary(data$HW_TOTAL) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
0.000 3.000 8.000 8.419 12.000 27.000 11 # Check the new variable distribution
temp <- table(data$HW_TOTAL_category)
table(data$HW_TOTAL_category)
No-to-Marginal Low Moderate High
76 205 104 6 
| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 7866aba | Paloma | 2025-03-07 |
| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 7866aba | Paloma | 2025-03-07 |
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
0.000 5.000 9.000 9.715 14.000 27.000 6 Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
0.000 2.000 6.000 7.157 11.000 27.000 8
No-to-Marginal Low Moderate High
25 104 60 4
No-to-Marginal Low Moderate High
51 101 44 2 Rainy season to dry season
data <- read.csv(file.path(data_path, "Cleaned_Dataset_Screening_HWISE_PSS_V3.csv"),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
na.strings = c("", "N/A", "NA", "pending"))
# Define Rainy (Fall = 1) and Dry (Spring = 0) seasons
data <- data %>%
mutate(Season_Type = case_when(
SEASON == 1 ~ "Rainy",
SEASON == 0 ~ "Dry"
))
# Convert Season_Type to a factor
data$Season_Type <- factor(data$Season_Type, levels = c("Rainy", "Dry"))
# Categorize HW_TOTAL into four groups
data <- data %>%
filter(!is.na(HW_TOTAL)) %>% # Remove missing values
mutate(HW_TOTAL_category = case_when(
HW_TOTAL >= 0 & HW_TOTAL <= 2 ~ "No-to-Marginal",
HW_TOTAL >= 3 & HW_TOTAL <= 11 ~ "Low",
HW_TOTAL >= 12 & HW_TOTAL <= 23 ~ "Moderate",
HW_TOTAL >= 24 & HW_TOTAL <= 36 ~ "High"
))
# Convert to factor with correct ordering
data$HW_TOTAL_category <- factor(data$HW_TOTAL_category,
levels = c("No-to-Marginal", "Low", "Moderate", "High"))
# Calculate the percentage for each category within each season
hw_season_counts <- data %>%
filter(!is.na(HW_TOTAL_category)) %>% # Ensure no NA categories
group_by(Season_Type, HW_TOTAL_category) %>%
summarise(Count = n(), .groups = 'drop') %>%
group_by(Season_Type) %>%
mutate(Percentage = (Count / sum(Count)) * 100)
# Reshape data to calculate the percentage difference (Dry - Rainy)
hw_diff <- hw_season_counts %>%
select(Season_Type, HW_TOTAL_category, Percentage) %>%
spread(Season_Type, Percentage) %>% # Convert to wide format
mutate(Difference = Dry - Rainy) # Compute difference from Rainy to Dry
# Create the bar plot showing the percentage difference
ggplot(hw_diff, aes(x = HW_TOTAL_category, y = Difference, fill = Difference > 0)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") + # Use precomputed differences
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Seasonal change: Rainy compared to Dry Season",
x = "Water insecurity level (HWISE)",
y = "Percentage Difference (Rainy to Dry season)") +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#1f78b4", "#ff7f00"), labels = c("Decrease", "Increase")) + # Assign colors
theme(legend.position = "right") + # Keep legend
geom_text(aes(label = paste0(round(Difference, 1), "%")), vjust = -0.5) # Add percentage labels
BOXPLOTS
data <- read.csv(file.path(data_path, "Cleaned_Dataset_Screening_HWISE_PSS_V3.csv"),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
na.strings = c("", "N/A", "NA", "pending"))
# Categorize HW_TOTAL into four groups
data <- data %>%
filter(!is.na(HW_TOTAL)) %>% # Remove missing values
mutate(HW_TOTAL_category = case_when(
HW_TOTAL >= 0 & HW_TOTAL <= 2 ~ "No-to-Marginal",
HW_TOTAL >= 3 & HW_TOTAL <= 11 ~ "Low",
HW_TOTAL >= 12 & HW_TOTAL <= 23 ~ "Moderate",
HW_TOTAL >= 24 & HW_TOTAL <= 36 ~ "High"
))
# Convert to factor with proper order
data$HW_TOTAL_category <- factor(data$HW_TOTAL_category,
levels = c("No-to-Marginal", "Low", "Moderate", "High"))
# Count the number of data points per Water insecurity level (HWISE)
summary_stats <- data %>%
group_by(HW_TOTAL_category) %>%
summarise(Count = n(), SD = sd(HRS_WEEK, na.rm = TRUE), .groups = 'drop')
hrs.w <- data$HRS_WEEK
means <- aggregate(hrs.w ~ HW_TOTAL_category, data, mean)
means$hrs.w <- round(means$hrs.w, 2)
# Define color palette
color_palette <- c("#1f78b4", "#a6cee3", "#fdbf6f", "#ff7f00")
# Create box-and-whisker plot with individual data points
ggplot(data, aes(x = HW_TOTAL_category,
y = HRS_WEEK,
fill = HW_TOTAL_category)) +
geom_jitter(aes(color = HW_TOTAL_category),
size = 1, width = 0.25) +
# Jitter adds individual data points
geom_violin(alpha = 0.6, width = 1.4) + # violin
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = 1, alpha = 0.5,
width = 0.08, color = "grey30") + # Boxplot
geom_text(data = summary_stats,
aes(x = HW_TOTAL_category,
y = max(data$HRS_WEEK,
na.rm = TRUE) + 10,
label = paste0("SD = ", round(SD, 1))),
size = 4, fontface = "bold") + # Add SD text annotations above the boxes
geom_text(data = means,
aes(label = hrs.w, y = hrs.w + 1, hjust=-1),
size = 3, color = "darkred") + #adds average labels
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Hours water of supply by Water Insecurity group (HWISE)",
x = "HWISE Group",
y = "Hours of Water Supply per Week") +
scale_fill_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for boxes
scale_color_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for points +
stat_summary(fun.y=mean, geom="point", shape=23,
size=5, color="darkred", fill="darkred") +
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_text(size = 10)) + # Remove legend for clarity
scale_x_discrete(labels = paste0(summary_stats$HW_TOTAL_category,
" (n=", summary_stats$Count, ")")) # Add count to x-axis labelsWarning: The `fun.y` argument of `stat_summary()` is deprecated as of ggplot2 3.3.0.
ℹ Please use the `fun` argument instead.
This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
generated.Warning: Removed 37 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_ydensity()`).Warning: Removed 37 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_boxplot()`).Warning: Removed 37 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_summary()`).Warning: `position_dodge()` requires non-overlapping x intervals.Warning: Removed 37 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
(`geom_point()`).
# Categorize HW_TOTAL into groups
data <- data %>%
filter(!is.na(MX28_WQ_COMP)) %>% # Remove missing values
mutate(MX28_WQ_COMP_category = case_when(
MX28_WQ_COMP == 0 ~ "Worse",
MX28_WQ_COMP == 1 ~ "Same",
MX28_WQ_COMP == 2 ~ "Better",
))
# Convert to factor with proper order
data$MX28_WQ_COMP_category <- factor(data$MX28_WQ_COMP_category,
levels = c("Worse", "Same", "Better"))
# Count the number of data points per Water insecurity level (HWISE)
summary_stats <- data %>%
group_by(MX28_WQ_COMP_category) %>%
summarise(Count = n(), SD = sd(HRS_WEEK, na.rm = TRUE), .groups = 'drop')
hrs.w <- data$HRS_WEEK
means <- aggregate(hrs.w ~ MX28_WQ_COMP_category, data, mean)
means$hrs.w <- round(means$hrs.w, 2)
color_palette <- c("#ff7f00", "#a6cee3", "#1f78b4")
# Create box-and-whisker plot with individual data points
ggplot(data, aes(x = MX28_WQ_COMP_category,
y = HRS_WEEK,
fill = MX28_WQ_COMP_category)) +
geom_jitter(aes(color = MX28_WQ_COMP_category),
size = 1, width = 0.25) +
# Jitter adds individual data points
geom_violin(alpha = 0.6, width = 1) + # violin
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = 1, alpha = 0.5,
width = 0.08, color = "grey30") + # Boxplot
geom_text(data = means,
aes(label = hrs.w, y = hrs.w + 1, hjust=-0.8),
size = 3, color = "darkred") + #adds average labels
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Hours of water supply and comparison to other parts of the city",
x = "Own water service is considered",
y = "Hours of Water Supply per Week") +
scale_fill_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for boxes
scale_color_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for points +
stat_summary(fun.y=mean, geom="point", shape=23,
size=5, color="darkred", fill="darkred") +
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_text(size = 10)) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = paste0(summary_stats$MX28_WQ_COMP_category,
" (n=", summary_stats$Count, ")")) Warning: Removed 37 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_ydensity()`).Warning: Removed 37 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_boxplot()`).Warning: Removed 37 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_summary()`).Warning: Removed 37 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
(`geom_point()`).
# Count the number of data points per Water insecurity level (HWISE)
summary_stats <- data %>%
group_by(MX28_WQ_COMP_category) %>%
summarise(Count = n(), SD = sd(HW_TOTAL, na.rm = TRUE), .groups = 'drop')
hrs.w <- data$HW_TOTAL
means <- aggregate(hrs.w ~ MX28_WQ_COMP_category, data, mean)
means$hrs.w <- round(means$hrs.w, 2)
# Create box-and-whisker plot with individual data points
ggplot(data, aes(x = MX28_WQ_COMP_category,
y = HW_TOTAL,
fill = MX28_WQ_COMP_category)) +
geom_jitter(aes(color = MX28_WQ_COMP_category),
size = 1, width = 0.25) +
# Jitter adds individual data points
geom_violin(alpha = 0.4, width = 1) + # violin
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = 1, alpha = 0.3,
width = 0.15, color = "grey30") + # Boxplot
geom_text(data = means,
aes(label = hrs.w, y = hrs.w + 0.8, hjust=-0.85),
size = 3, color = "darkred") + #adds average labels
geom_text(data = summary_stats,
aes(x = MX28_WQ_COMP_category,
y = max(data$HW_TOTAL,
na.rm = TRUE) + 2,
label = paste0("SD = ", round(SD, 1))),
size = 4, fontface = "bold") + # Add SD text annotations above the boxes
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Hours of water supply and comparison to other parts of the city",
x = "Own water service is considered",
y = "HWISE score") +
scale_fill_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for boxes
scale_color_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for points +
stat_summary(fun.y=mean, geom="point", shape=23,
size=5, color="darkred", fill="darkred") +
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text = element_text(size = 10)) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = paste0(summary_stats$MX28_WQ_COMP_category,
" (n=", summary_stats$Count, ")")) 
# Load the dataset
data <- read.csv(file.path(data_path, "Cleaned_Dataset_Screening_HWISE_PSS_V3.csv"),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
na.strings = c("", "N/A", "NA", "pending"))
# Keep only relevant columns (HW_ questions and HRS_WEEK)
data_long <- data %>%
select(HW_TOTAL, HRS_WEEK) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = HW_TOTAL, names_to = "HW_Question", values_to = "Response") %>%
filter(!is.na(HRS_WEEK), !is.na(Response)) # Remove NAs
# Compute mean HRS_WEEK for each HW_Question & Response category
summary_stats <- data_long %>%
group_by(HW_Question, Response) %>%
summarise(Mean_HRS_WEEK = mean(HRS_WEEK, na.rm = TRUE), Count = n(), SD = sd(HRS_WEEK, na.rm = TRUE), .groups = 'drop')
# Generate boxplots with mean values
ggplot(data_long, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = HRS_WEEK, fill = as.factor(Response))) +
geom_jitter(aes(color = as.factor(Response)), size = 1.5, width = 0.2, alpha = 0.2) +
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = NA, width = 0.5, alpha = 0.4, color = "gray70") + # Thinner boxes
geom_point(data = summary_stats, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = Mean_HRS_WEEK),
color = "black", size = 1.5) + # Add red dot for mean value
geom_text(data = summary_stats, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = Mean_HRS_WEEK,
label = round(Mean_HRS_WEEK, 0)), color = "black", hjust = -0.35, size = 2.8) + # Add numeric mean label
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Distribution of Hours water of supply by total HWISE score",
subtitle = "Black dots show mean num. hours per week",
x = "HWISE score",
y = "Hours of Water Supply per Week") +
# scale_fill_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for boxes
# scale_color_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for points
theme(legend.position = "none", axis.text.x = element_text(size = 5, angle = 45)) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = paste0(summary_stats$Response,
" (n=", summary_stats$Count, ")")) 
# Define color palette
#color_palette <- c("#1f78b4", "#a6cee3", "#fdbf6f", "#ff7f00")
# Generate boxplots
ggplot(data_long, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = HRS_WEEK, fill = as.factor(Response))) +
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = NA, width = 0.5, alpha = 0.7) + # Thinner boxes
geom_jitter(aes(color = as.factor(Response)), size = 1.5, width = 0.2, alpha = 0.5) +
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Distribution of Hours water of supply by total HWISE score",
x = "Score",
y = "Hours of Water Supply per Week") +
# scale_fill_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for boxes
# scale_color_manual(values = color_palette) + # Custom colors for points
theme(legend.position = "none")# + # Remove legend for clarity
# Load the dataset
data <- read.csv(file.path(data_path, "Cleaned_Dataset_Screening_HWISE_PSS_V3.csv"),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
na.strings = c("", "N/A", "NA", "pending"))
data <- data %>%
select(-HW_TOTAL)
# Select all columns that start with "HW_"
hw_vars <- grep("^HW_", names(data), value = TRUE)
# Keep only relevant columns (HW_ questions and HRS_WEEK)
data_long <- data %>%
select(all_of(hw_vars), HRS_WEEK) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = all_of(hw_vars), names_to = "HW_Question", values_to = "Response") %>%
filter(!is.na(HRS_WEEK), !is.na(Response)) # Remove NAs
# Compute mean HRS_WEEK for each HW_Question & Response category
mean_values <- data_long %>%
group_by(HW_Question, Response) %>%
summarise(Mean_HRS_WEEK = mean(HRS_WEEK, na.rm = TRUE), .groups = 'drop')
# Generate boxplots with mean values
ggplot(data_long, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = HRS_WEEK, fill = as.factor(Response))) +
geom_boxplot(outlier.shape = NA, alpha = 0.4, varwidth = TRUE) + # Thinner boxes
geom_jitter(aes(color = as.factor(Response)), size = 1.5, width = 0.2, alpha = 0.4) +
geom_point(data = mean_values, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = Mean_HRS_WEEK),
color = "red", size = 2) + # Add red dot for mean value
# geom_text(data = mean_values, aes(x = as.factor(Response), y = Mean_HRS_WEEK,
# label = round(Mean_HRS_WEEK, 1)), color = "red", vjust = -0.5, size = 3.5) + # Add numeric mean label
theme_minimal() +
labs(title = "Distribution of Hours water of supply by HWISE Question",
subtitle = "Red dots show mean num. hours per week",
x = "Response",
y = "Hours of Water Supply per Week") +
theme(legend.position = "none") + # Remove legend for clarity
facet_wrap(~HW_Question, scales = "free_y") # Create separate plots for each HW_ question
sessionInfo()R version 4.4.3 (2025-02-28)
Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20
Running under: macOS Sequoia 15.3.1
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.4-arm64/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.4-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib; LAPACK version 3.12.0
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
time zone: America/Detroit
tzcode source: internal
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] knitr_1.49 reshape2_1.4.4 tidyr_1.3.1 ggplot2_3.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] sass_0.4.9 utf8_1.2.4 generics_0.1.3 stringi_1.8.4
[5] digest_0.6.37 magrittr_2.0.3 evaluate_1.0.1 grid_4.4.3
[9] fastmap_1.2.0 rprojroot_2.0.4 workflowr_1.7.1 plyr_1.8.9
[13] jsonlite_1.8.9 whisker_0.4.1 promises_1.3.0 purrr_1.0.2
[17] fansi_1.0.6 scales_1.3.0 jquerylib_0.1.4 cli_3.6.3
[21] rlang_1.1.4 crayon_1.5.3 munsell_0.5.1 withr_3.0.2
[25] cachem_1.1.0 yaml_2.3.10 tools_4.4.3 colorspace_2.1-1
[29] httpuv_1.6.15 vctrs_0.6.5 R6_2.5.1 lifecycle_1.0.4
[33] git2r_0.35.0 stringr_1.5.1 fs_1.6.5 pkgconfig_2.0.3
[37] pillar_1.9.0 bslib_0.8.0 later_1.3.2 gtable_0.3.6
[41] glue_1.8.0 Rcpp_1.0.13-1 xfun_0.49 tibble_3.2.1
[45] tidyselect_1.2.1 rstudioapi_0.17.1 farver_2.1.2 htmltools_0.5.8.1
[49] rmarkdown_2.29 labeling_0.4.3 compiler_4.4.3