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| File | Version | Author | Date | Message |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rmd | 08cd7e1 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-25 | update wrangling script |
| html | 08cd7e1 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-25 | update wrangling script |
| Rmd | 8c6712f | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-24 | update script to fix issues |
| html | 8c6712f | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-24 | update script to fix issues |
| Rmd | 2fef649 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-24 | updated to integrate individual meter data |
| html | 2fef649 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-24 | updated to integrate individual meter data |
| Rmd | a379c87 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-23 | fixed issue with East College |
| html | a379c87 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-23 | fixed issue with East College |
| Rmd | 1e465a5 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-23 | updated data and building case study with new info |
| html | 1e465a5 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-23 | updated data and building case study with new info |
| html | 10507be | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | Build site. |
| html | 661b13b | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | Build site. |
| Rmd | dfaee9a | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | Integrate occupancy data |
| html | dfaee9a | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | Integrate occupancy data |
| html | 40c81af | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | Build site. |
| Rmd | f2835df | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | adjust gitignore and improve data wrangling and main meter case study |
| html | f2835df | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-14 | adjust gitignore and improve data wrangling and main meter case study |
This code is meant to match PPL data to building information and reorganize it to generate electricity data by building (or combinations of buildings for those metered together).
The main steps involved are:
library(tidyverse) # load tidyverse
── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr 1.1.4 ✔ readr 2.1.5
✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.1
✔ ggplot2 3.5.1 ✔ tibble 3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.3 ✔ tidyr 1.3.1
✔ purrr 1.0.2
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(DT) # library to create tables
library(scales) # library to format dollars
Attaching package: 'scales'
The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
discard
The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
col_factor
library(RColorBrewer)
# load electricity data + reformat date
kwh <- read.csv("./data/FY25 PPL Electricity Data.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
mutate(date = mdy(date))
kwh_sub <- read.csv("./output/kwh_main_daily.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
mutate(date = ymd(date))
# load building data + clean up building names
buildings <- read.csv("./keys/fy25_building_list_updated.csv",
strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "))
# load occupancy and clean up building names
occupants <- read.csv("./keys/occupancy_key.csv",
strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "))
# load keys to link datasets
key <- read.csv("./keys/meter_building_key.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "))
key_sub <- read.csv("./keys/submeter_building_key.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "),
NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, " "," "))
# store annual totals for kWh
kwh_annual <- kwh %>%
filter(!is.na(total_kwh)) %>%
group_by(meter_origin) %>%
summarize(kwh = sum(total_kwh, na.rm = T),
days_perc = (n()/365)*100)
kwh_sub_annual <- kwh_sub %>%
filter(!is.na(kwh)) %>%
group_by(building) %>%
summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T),
days_perc = (n()/365)*100)
# store conversion factors
dollars_kwh <- 0.08138507
co2_kg_kwh <- 0.30082405
str(kwh)
'data.frame': 55138 obs. of 6 variables:
$ account_number: num 1e+09 1e+09 1e+09 1e+09 1e+09 ...
$ meter_origin : chr "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" ...
$ meter_number : int 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 ...
$ date : Date, format: "2024-07-18" "2024-07-19" ...
$ total_kwh : num 28 26.4 26.5 26.3 27.2 ...
$ ave_temp : int 78 76 78 81 75 78 80 79 76 76 ...
str(buildings)
'data.frame': 135 obs. of 14 variables:
$ TYPE : chr "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" ...
$ type_new : chr "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" ...
$ banner_code: chr "1110" "1540" "1035" "1810" ...
$ NAME : chr "162-164 Dickinson Ave." "46 S. West St." "57 S. College" "Green Valley Sanctuary" ...
$ occupant : chr "DEAL Archeology Labs" "Music office/rehearsal space" "Education Dept. Offices" "Research Facility" ...
$ address : chr "162-164 Dickinson Ave." "46 S. West St." "57 S. College St." "" ...
$ date_constr: chr "" "" "" "" ...
$ date_acqd : int 1998 1982 1979 1966 NA NA NA 1950 NA NA ...
$ date_reno : int 2010 NA NA NA 1997 2009 1940 2002 2001 NA ...
$ sqft : int 2500 1775 4576 2500 4000 29133 33692 11039 22000 112800 ...
$ rental : int 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
$ main_meter : int 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ main_disagg: int 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ weis_meter : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
str(key)
'data.frame': 201 obs. of 2 variables:
$ meter_origin: chr "100 S College St" "100 S West St" "101 S College St" "102 S West St *Apt 1" ...
$ NAME : chr "Drayer Hall" "100 S. West St." "Landis House" "100 S. West St." ...
# Generate lookup table for each meter status
buildings_main <- buildings %>%
filter(main_meter == 1) %>% # filter to main meter buildings
summarize(sqft = sum(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # sum sqft for these buildings
mutate(meter = "Main Meter - Total",
NAME = "Main Meter",
type_new = "Main Meter") %>%
select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)
buildings_weis <- buildings %>%
filter(weis_meter == 1) %>% # filter to weis buildings
summarize(sqft = sum(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>%
mutate(meter = "Weis Meter - Total",
NAME = "Weis Meter",
type_new = "Weis Meter") %>%
select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)
buildings_agg <- rbind(buildings_main, buildings_weis)
buildings_individual <- buildings %>%
filter(main_meter == 0 & weis_meter == 0) %>% # keep only buildings on individual meters
mutate(meter = "Individual") %>%
select(meter, NAME, type_new, occupant, address, date_constr, date_acqd, date_reno, sqft, rental) %>% # select relevant columns
# rbind(buildings_main, buildings_weis) %>%
select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)
buildings_submeter <- buildings %>%
filter(main_disagg ==1) %>% # keep only buildings on individual meters
mutate(meter = "Submeter") %>%
select(meter, NAME, type_new, occupant, address, date_constr, date_acqd, date_reno, sqft, rental) %>% # select relevant columns
# rbind(buildings_main, buildings_weis) %>%
select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)
# Store summary of building meter status
buildings_sum <- buildings %>%
mutate(meter = ifelse(weis_meter == 1, "Weis Meter",
ifelse(main_meter == 1 & main_disagg == 0, "Main Meter",
ifelse(main_disagg == 1, "Submeter", "Individual"))))
# generate annual summary for individually metered buildings
joined_individual <- kwh_annual %>%
left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>% # join to key to match meters to building names
right_join(buildings_individual, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-one") %>% # join to building info by name
group_by(type_new, NAME, days_perc, meter) %>% # group by building
summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # take mean to preserve sqft data
left_join(occupants, by = "NAME") %>%
mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
kwh_person = kwh/occupants,
dollars = kwh*dollars_kwh,
ghg_kgCO2 = kwh*co2_kg_kwh,
type = type_new) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
select(type, meter, NAME, days_perc, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, occupants, kwh_person, dollars, ghg_kgCO2)
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'days_perc'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate annual summary for submetered buildings
joined_sub <- kwh_sub_annual %>%
left_join(key_sub, by = "building") %>%
left_join(buildings_submeter, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-one") %>% # join to building info by name
filter(building != "CHW_Base") %>% # remove duplicate CHW value - not sure what this is?
group_by(type_new, NAME, days_perc, meter) %>% # group by building
summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # preserve sqft as is
# filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>% # filter out those with NA for type
left_join(occupants, by = "NAME") %>%
mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
kwh_person = kwh/occupants,
dollars = kwh*dollars_kwh,
ghg_kgCO2 = kwh*co2_kg_kwh,
type = type_new) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
select(type, meter, NAME, days_perc, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, occupants, kwh_person, dollars, ghg_kgCO2)
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'days_perc'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate annual summary for main and weis meters
joined_agg <- kwh_annual %>%
left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>%
right_join(buildings_agg, by = "NAME") %>%
group_by(type_new, NAME, days_perc, meter) %>% # group by building
summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # preserve sqft as is
# filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>% # filter out those with NA for type
left_join(occupants, by = "NAME") %>%
mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
kwh_person = kwh/occupants,
dollars = kwh*dollars_kwh,
ghg_kgCO2 = kwh*co2_kg_kwh,
type = type_new) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
select(type, meter, NAME, days_perc, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, occupants, kwh_person, dollars, ghg_kgCO2)
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'days_perc'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# combine into one data frame
joined_full <- rbind(joined_individual, joined_sub, joined_agg) %>%
filter(kwh != 0)
# generate summary by building category
joined_cat <- joined_full %>%
group_by(type) %>%
summarize(n = n(),
kwh = sum(kwh),
dollars = sum(dollars),
ghg_kgCO2 = sum(ghg_kgCO2),
sqft = sum(sqft, na.rm = T),
med_kwh_sqft = median(kwh_sqft, na.rm = T),
kwh_sqft_25 = quantile(kwh_sqft, .25, na.rm = T),
kwh_sqft_75 = quantile(kwh_sqft, .75, na.rm = T)) %>%
arrange(-kwh)
# generate daily summary for individually metered buildings
daily_individual <- kwh %>%
left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>% # join to key to match meters to building names
right_join(buildings_individual, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-many") %>% # join to building info by name
group_by(type_new, NAME, date, meter) %>% # group by building
summarize(kwh = sum(total_kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T),
ave_temp = mean(ave_temp, na.rm = T)) %>%
mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
type = type_new) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>% # convert NaN to NA
select(type, meter, date, NAME, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, ave_temp)
Warning in left_join(., key, by = "meter_origin"): Detected an unexpected many-to-many relationship between `x` and `y`.
ℹ Row 14881 of `x` matches multiple rows in `y`.
ℹ Row 38 of `y` matches multiple rows in `x`.
ℹ If a many-to-many relationship is expected, set `relationship =
"many-to-many"` to silence this warning.
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'date'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate daily summary for submetered buildings
daily_sub <- kwh_sub %>%
left_join(key_sub, by = "building") %>%
left_join(buildings_submeter, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-one") %>% # join to building info by name
filter(building != "CHW_Base") %>% # remove duplicate CHW value - not sure what this is?
group_by(type_new, NAME, date, meter) %>% # group by building
summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T),
sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T),
ave_temp = mean(ave_temp, na.rm = T)) %>%
filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>%
mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
type = type_new) %>%
ungroup() %>%
select(type, meter, date, NAME, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, ave_temp) %>%
mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) # convert NaN to NA
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'date'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate daily summary for main and weis meters
daily_agg <- kwh %>%
left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>%
right_join(buildings_agg, by = "NAME") %>%
group_by(type_new, NAME, date, meter) %>% # group by building
summarize(kwh = sum(total_kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T),
ave_temp = mean(ave_temp, na.rm = T)) %>% # preserve sqft as is
# filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>% # filter out those with NA for type
mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
type = type_new) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
select(type, meter, date, NAME, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, ave_temp)
Warning in left_join(., key, by = "meter_origin"): Detected an unexpected many-to-many relationship between `x` and `y`.
ℹ Row 14881 of `x` matches multiple rows in `y`.
ℹ Row 38 of `y` matches multiple rows in `x`.
ℹ If a many-to-many relationship is expected, set `relationship =
"many-to-many"` to silence this warning.
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'date'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate complete daily dataset
daily_full <- rbind(daily_individual, daily_agg, daily_sub)
joined_pretty_cat <- joined_cat %>%
mutate(n = ifelse(n == 1, "-", n),
kwh = round(kwh, digits = 0),
dollars = paste("$",round(dollars, digits = 0)),
ghg_MTCO2 = round(ghg_kgCO2/1000, digits = 0),
sqft = round(sqft, digits = 0),
med_kwh_sqft = round(med_kwh_sqft, digits = 1),
kwh_sqft_25 = round(kwh_sqft_25, digits = 1),
kwh_sqft_75 = round(kwh_sqft_75, digits = 1)) %>%
select(type, n, kwh, dollars, ghg_MTCO2, sqft, med_kwh_sqft, kwh_sqft_25, kwh_sqft_75) %>%
arrange(desc(med_kwh_sqft))
datatable(joined_pretty_cat,
filter = 'top',
rownames = FALSE,
colnames = c("Building\ntype","Buildings\nwith data", "kWh", "Est. cost",
"CO2e\n(MT)", "Square\nfootage", "Median\nkWh\nper sqft",
"25th Perc.", "75th Perc."),
caption = "Table 1. Descriptive statistics for annual electricity use by building type.")
buildings_sum$meter <- factor(buildings_sum$meter,
levels = c("Weis Meter", "Main Meter",
"Submeter", "Individual"))
pal <- c("grey","grey","darkorchid1","darkorchid4")
buildings_graph <- buildings_sum %>%
filter(!is.na(meter) & !type_new %in% c("Res Hall - U","Non-building","Production","Mixed"))
ggplot(buildings_graph,
aes(x = reorder(type_new, sqft, FUN = "sum"), y = sqft/1000, fill = meter)) +
geom_col(position = "stack") +
scale_fill_manual(values = pal) +
theme_bw() +
labs(x = "", y = "Square Footage (1000)", fill = "Meter status") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1))

ggplot(buildings_graph,
aes(x = reorder(type_new, sqft, FUN = "sum"), fill = meter)) +
geom_bar(position = "stack") +
scale_fill_manual(values = pal) +
theme_bw() +
labs(x = "", y = "Number of Buildings", fill = "Meter status") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1))

daily_graph <- daily_full %>%
mutate(date = as_date(date),
month = month(date, label = TRUE),
day = wday(date, label = TRUE),
type_brief = recode(type,
'Res Hall - U' = 'Res Hall',
'Res Hall - S' = 'Res Hall',
'Res Hall - M' = 'Res Hall',
'Res Hall - L' = 'Res Hall'))
ggplot(filter(daily_graph, meter != "Submeter"),
aes(x = month, y = kwh/10^6, fill = reorder(type_brief, kwh, FUN = sum))) +
geom_col(position = "stack") +
scale_fill_brewer(type = "qual", palette = "Paired") +
theme_bw() +
labs(x = "", y = "Electricity use (million kWh)", fill = "",
title = "Electricity use by building type")

| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 08cd7e1 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-25 |
ggplot(filter(daily_graph, meter == "Submeter"),
aes(x = month, y = kwh/10^6, fill = reorder(type_brief, kwh, FUN = sum))) +
geom_col(position = "stack") +
scale_fill_brewer(type = "qual", palette = "Paired") +
theme_bw() +
labs(x = "", y = "Electricity use (million kWh)", fill = "",
title = "Electricity data from the submeters")

ggplot(daily_graph, aes(x = month, y = kwh/10^6, fill = reorder(type, kwh, FUN = 'sum'))) +
geom_col(position = "stack") +
facet_wrap(. ~ type, scales = "free") +
theme_bw() +
labs(x = "", y = "Electricity use (million kWh)", fill = "") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5)) +
theme(legend.position = "none")

| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 08cd7e1 | maggiedouglas | 2026-02-25 |
to_exclude <- filter(joined_full, days_perc < 90)
intensity <- joined_full %>%
filter(!(type %in% c("Res Hall - U","Production", "Non-building"))
& !(NAME %in% to_exclude$NAME))
ggplot(intensity,
aes(x = reorder(type, kwh_sqft, FUN = "median"),
y = kwh_sqft, fill = type)) +
annotate("rect", xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = 7.4, ymax = 14.3, color = "lightgray", alpha = 0.3) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 10.3, linetype = "dashed", color = "white") +
geom_boxplot() +
coord_flip() +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "none") +
labs(x = "", y = "kWh per sqft per year",
title = "Electricity Intensity by Building Type",
caption = "Includes individual, submeter, and aggregate meter data. Buildings with < 90% of days of electricity data were excluded")

joined_exp <- select(joined_full,
type, meter, NAME, kwh, sqft, occupants)
daily_exp <- select(daily_full,
type, meter, NAME, date, kwh, sqft, ave_temp)
write.csv(daily_exp, "./output/kwh_daily_20260226.csv", row.names = F)
write.csv(joined_exp, "./output/kwh_annual_20260226.csv", row.names = F)
sessionInfo()
R version 4.3.2 (2023-10-31)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin20 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Ventura 13.7.8
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-x86_64/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-x86_64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib; LAPACK version 3.11.0
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
time zone: America/New_York
tzcode source: internal
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] RColorBrewer_1.1-3 scales_1.3.0 DT_0.33 lubridate_1.9.3
[5] forcats_1.0.0 stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4 purrr_1.0.2
[9] readr_2.1.5 tidyr_1.3.1 tibble_3.2.1 ggplot2_3.5.1
[13] tidyverse_2.0.0
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] sass_0.4.8 utf8_1.2.4 generics_0.1.3 stringi_1.8.3
[5] hms_1.1.3 digest_0.6.37 magrittr_2.0.3 timechange_0.3.0
[9] evaluate_0.23 grid_4.3.2 fastmap_1.1.1 rprojroot_2.0.4
[13] workflowr_1.7.1 jsonlite_1.8.8 whisker_0.4.1 promises_1.2.1
[17] fansi_1.0.6 crosstalk_1.2.1 jquerylib_0.1.4 cli_3.6.2
[21] rlang_1.1.3 ellipsis_0.3.2 munsell_0.5.0 withr_3.0.0
[25] cachem_1.0.8 yaml_2.3.8 tools_4.3.2 tzdb_0.4.0
[29] colorspace_2.1-0 httpuv_1.6.13 vctrs_0.6.5 R6_2.5.1
[33] lifecycle_1.0.4 git2r_0.33.0 htmlwidgets_1.6.4 fs_1.6.3
[37] pkgconfig_2.0.3 pillar_1.9.0 bslib_0.6.1 later_1.3.2
[41] gtable_0.3.4 glue_1.7.0 Rcpp_1.1.0 highr_0.10
[45] xfun_0.41 tidyselect_1.2.0 rstudioapi_0.16.0 knitr_1.45
[49] farver_2.1.1 htmltools_0.5.7 labeling_0.4.3 rmarkdown_2.25
[53] compiler_4.3.2