Last updated: 2026-02-27

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File Version Author Date Message
Rmd e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26 adjust data processing + building summary
html e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26 adjust data processing + building summary
Rmd 08cd7e1 maggiedouglas 2026-02-25 update wrangling script
html 08cd7e1 maggiedouglas 2026-02-25 update wrangling script
Rmd 8c6712f maggiedouglas 2026-02-24 update script to fix issues
html 8c6712f maggiedouglas 2026-02-24 update script to fix issues
Rmd 2fef649 maggiedouglas 2026-02-24 updated to integrate individual meter data
html 2fef649 maggiedouglas 2026-02-24 updated to integrate individual meter data
Rmd a379c87 maggiedouglas 2026-02-23 fixed issue with East College
html a379c87 maggiedouglas 2026-02-23 fixed issue with East College
Rmd 1e465a5 maggiedouglas 2026-02-23 updated data and building case study with new info
html 1e465a5 maggiedouglas 2026-02-23 updated data and building case study with new info
html 10507be maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 Build site.
html 661b13b maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 Build site.
Rmd dfaee9a maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 Integrate occupancy data
html dfaee9a maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 Integrate occupancy data
html 40c81af maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 Build site.
Rmd f2835df maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 adjust gitignore and improve data wrangling and main meter case study
html f2835df maggiedouglas 2026-02-14 adjust gitignore and improve data wrangling and main meter case study

Purpose

This code is meant to match PPL data to building information and reorganize it to generate electricity data by building (or combinations of buildings for those metered together).

The main steps involved are:

  • Read in the PPL electricity data, building information data, and a key to connect them by name
    • Create and store an annual summary of the electricity data by meter
  • Restructure the building data to generate a single row for the Main Meter and Weis Meter buildings
  • Join PPL electricity data (daily and annual) to building information using a key that connects the two by building name
  • Aggregate electricity and square footage data by building and calculate electricity use per square foot, estimated cost, and estimated associated GHG emissions
  • Inspect the data using a table
  • Export the cleaned and reorganized data for downstream analyses

Load libraries + data

library(tidyverse) # load tidyverse
── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
✔ ggplot2   3.5.1     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
✔ purrr     1.0.2     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(DT) # library to create tables
library(scales) # library to format dollars

Attaching package: 'scales'

The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':

    discard

The following object is masked from 'package:readr':

    col_factor
library(RColorBrewer)

# load electricity data + reformat date
kwh <- read.csv("./data/FY25 PPL Electricity Data.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
  mutate(date = mdy(date))
  
kwh_sub <- read.csv("./output/kwh_main_daily.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
  mutate(date = ymd(date))
  
# load building data + clean up building names
buildings <- read.csv("./keys/fy25_building_list_updated.csv", 
                      strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
  mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "  "," "),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "   "," "))

# load occupancy and clean up building names
occupants <- read.csv("./keys/occupancy_key.csv", 
                      strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
  mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "  "," "),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "   "," "))

# load keys to link datasets
key <- read.csv("./keys/meter_building_key.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
  mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "  "," "),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "   "," "))

key_sub <- read.csv("./keys/submeter_building_key.csv", strip.white = T, encoding = "UTF-8") %>%
  mutate(NAME = str_remove_all(NAME, "/"),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "  "," "),
         NAME = str_replace_all(NAME, "   "," ")) 

# store annual totals for kWh
kwh_annual <- kwh %>%
  filter(!is.na(total_kwh)) %>%
  group_by(meter_origin) %>%
  summarize(kwh = sum(total_kwh, na.rm = T),
            days_perc = (n()/365)*100)

kwh_sub_annual <- kwh_sub %>%
  filter(!is.na(kwh)) %>%
  group_by(building) %>%
  summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T),
            days_perc = (n()/365)*100)

# store conversion factors
dollars_kwh <- 0.08138507
co2_kg_kwh <- 0.30082405

Check data

str(kwh)
'data.frame':   55138 obs. of  6 variables:
 $ account_number: num  1e+09 1e+09 1e+09 1e+09 1e+09 ...
 $ meter_origin  : chr  "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" "152 W Louther St *Apt 2" ...
 $ meter_number  : int  300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 300056642 ...
 $ date          : Date, format: "2024-07-18" "2024-07-19" ...
 $ total_kwh     : num  28 26.4 26.5 26.3 27.2 ...
 $ ave_temp      : int  78 76 78 81 75 78 80 79 76 76 ...
str(buildings)
'data.frame':   135 obs. of  14 variables:
 $ TYPE       : chr  "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" ...
 $ type_new   : chr  "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" "Academic" ...
 $ banner_code: chr  "1110" "1540" "1035" "1810" ...
 $ NAME       : chr  "162-164 Dickinson Ave." "46 S. West St." "57 S. College" "Green Valley Sanctuary" ...
 $ occupant   : chr  "DEAL Archeology Labs" "Music office/rehearsal space" "Education Dept. Offices" "Research Facility" ...
 $ address    : chr  "162-164 Dickinson Ave." "46 S. West St." "57 S. College St." "" ...
 $ date_constr: chr  "" "" "" "" ...
 $ date_acqd  : int  1998 1982 1979 1966 NA NA NA 1950 NA NA ...
 $ date_reno  : int  2010 NA NA NA 1997 2009 1940 2002 2001 NA ...
 $ sqft       : int  2500 1775 4576 2500 4000 29133 33692 11039 22000 112800 ...
 $ rental     : int  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
 $ main_meter : int  0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ main_disagg: int  0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ weis_meter : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
str(key)
'data.frame':   201 obs. of  2 variables:
 $ meter_origin: chr  "100 S College St" "100 S West St" "101 S College St" "102 S West St *Apt 1" ...
 $ NAME        : chr  "Drayer Hall" "100 S. West St." "Landis House" "100 S. West St." ...

Restructure building data

  • Generate total square footage for buildings on the Main Meter and fill in values for other variables
  • Similar operation for buildings on the Weis Meter
  • Filter building info to those with individual meters and then add back in the Main Meter and Weis aggregated information
# Generate lookup table for each meter status

buildings_main <- buildings %>%
  filter(main_meter == 1) %>% # filter to main meter buildings
  summarize(sqft = sum(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # sum sqft for these buildings
  mutate(meter = "Main Meter - Total",
         NAME = "Main Meter",
         type_new = "Main Meter") %>%
    select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)

buildings_weis <- buildings %>%
  filter(weis_meter == 1) %>% # filter to weis buildings
  summarize(sqft = sum(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>%
    mutate(meter = "Weis Meter - Total",
           NAME = "Weis Meter",
         type_new = "Weis Meter") %>%
    select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)

buildings_agg <- rbind(buildings_main, buildings_weis)

buildings_individual <- buildings %>%
  filter(main_meter == 0 & weis_meter == 0) %>% # keep only buildings on individual meters
  mutate(meter = "Individual") %>%
  select(meter, NAME, type_new, occupant, address, date_constr, date_acqd, date_reno, sqft, rental) %>% # select relevant columns
 # rbind(buildings_main, buildings_weis) %>%
  select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter) 

buildings_submeter <- buildings %>%
  filter(main_disagg ==1) %>% # keep only buildings on individual meters
  mutate(meter = "Submeter") %>%
  select(meter, NAME, type_new, occupant, address, date_constr, date_acqd, date_reno, sqft, rental) %>% # select relevant columns
 # rbind(buildings_main, buildings_weis) %>%
  select(type_new, NAME, sqft, meter)

# Store summary of building meter status
buildings_sum <- buildings %>%
    mutate(meter = ifelse(weis_meter == 1, "Weis Meter", 
                        ifelse(main_meter == 1 & main_disagg == 0, "Main Meter", 
                               ifelse(main_disagg == 1, "Submeter", "Individual"))))

Wrangle datasets

Annual totals

# generate annual summary for individually metered buildings
joined_individual <- kwh_annual %>%
  left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>% # join to key to match meters to building names
  right_join(buildings_individual, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-one") %>% # join to building info by name
  group_by(type_new, NAME, days_perc, meter) %>% # group by building
  summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
            sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # take mean to preserve sqft data
  left_join(occupants, by = "NAME") %>%
  mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
         kwh_person = kwh/occupants,
         dollars = kwh*dollars_kwh,
         ghg_kgCO2 = kwh*co2_kg_kwh,
         type = type_new) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
  select(type, meter, NAME, days_perc, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, occupants, kwh_person, dollars, ghg_kgCO2)
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'days_perc'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate annual summary for submetered buildings
joined_sub <- kwh_sub_annual %>%
  left_join(key_sub, by = "building") %>%
  left_join(buildings_submeter, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-one") %>% # join to building info by name
  filter(building != "CHW_Base") %>% # remove duplicate CHW value - not sure what this is?
  group_by(type_new, NAME, days_perc, meter) %>% # group by building
  summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
            sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # preserve sqft as is
 # filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>% # filter out those with NA for type
  left_join(occupants, by = "NAME") %>%
  mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
         kwh_person = kwh/occupants,
         dollars = kwh*dollars_kwh,
         ghg_kgCO2 = kwh*co2_kg_kwh,
         type = type_new) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
  select(type, meter, NAME, days_perc, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, occupants, kwh_person, dollars, ghg_kgCO2)
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'days_perc'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate annual summary for main and weis meters
joined_agg <- kwh_annual %>%
  left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>%
  right_join(buildings_agg, by = "NAME") %>%
  group_by(type_new, NAME, days_perc, meter) %>% # group by building
  summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
            sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T)) %>% # preserve sqft as is
 # filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>% # filter out those with NA for type
  left_join(occupants, by = "NAME") %>%
  mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
         kwh_person = kwh/occupants,
         dollars = kwh*dollars_kwh,
         ghg_kgCO2 = kwh*co2_kg_kwh,
         type = type_new) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
  select(type, meter, NAME, days_perc, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, occupants, kwh_person, dollars, ghg_kgCO2)
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'days_perc'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# combine into one data frame
joined_full <- rbind(joined_individual, joined_sub, joined_agg) %>%
  filter(kwh != 0)

# generate summary by building category
joined_cat <- joined_full %>%
  group_by(type) %>%
  summarize(n = n(),
            kwh = sum(kwh),
            dollars = sum(dollars),
            ghg_kgCO2 = sum(ghg_kgCO2),
            sqft = sum(sqft, na.rm = T),
            med_kwh_sqft = median(kwh_sqft, na.rm = T),
            kwh_sqft_25 = quantile(kwh_sqft, .25, na.rm = T),
            kwh_sqft_75 = quantile(kwh_sqft, .75, na.rm = T)) %>%
  arrange(-kwh)

Daily data

# generate daily summary for individually metered buildings
daily_individual <- kwh %>%
  left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>% # join to key to match meters to building names
  right_join(buildings_individual, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-many") %>% # join to building info by name
  group_by(type_new, NAME, date, meter) %>% # group by building
  summarize(kwh = sum(total_kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
            sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T),
            ave_temp = mean(ave_temp, na.rm = T)) %>%
  mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
         type = type_new) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>% # convert NaN to NA
  select(type, meter, date, NAME, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, ave_temp)
Warning in left_join(., key, by = "meter_origin"): Detected an unexpected many-to-many relationship between `x` and `y`.
ℹ Row 14881 of `x` matches multiple rows in `y`.
ℹ Row 38 of `y` matches multiple rows in `x`.
ℹ If a many-to-many relationship is expected, set `relationship =
  "many-to-many"` to silence this warning.
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'date'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate daily summary for submetered buildings
daily_sub <- kwh_sub %>%
  left_join(key_sub, by = "building") %>%
  left_join(buildings_submeter, by = "NAME", relationship = "many-to-one") %>% # join to building info by name
  filter(building != "CHW_Base") %>% # remove duplicate CHW value - not sure what this is?
  group_by(type_new, NAME, date, meter) %>% # group by building
  summarize(kwh = sum(kwh, na.rm = T),
            sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T),
            ave_temp = mean(ave_temp, na.rm = T)) %>%
  filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>%
  mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
         type = type_new) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  select(type, meter, date, NAME, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, ave_temp) %>%
  mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) # convert NaN to NA
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'date'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate daily summary for main and weis meters
daily_agg <- kwh %>%
  left_join(key, by = "meter_origin") %>%
  right_join(buildings_agg, by = "NAME") %>%
  group_by(type_new, NAME, date, meter) %>% # group by building
  summarize(kwh = sum(total_kwh, na.rm = T), # sum kwh by building
            sqft = mean(sqft, na.rm = T),
            ave_temp = mean(ave_temp, na.rm = T)) %>% # preserve sqft as is
 # filter(!is.na(type_new)) %>% # filter out those with NA for type
  mutate(kwh_sqft = kwh/sqft, # calculate kwh per sqft
         type = type_new) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate_all(~ifelse(is.nan(.), NA, .)) %>%
  select(type, meter, date, NAME, kwh, sqft, kwh_sqft, ave_temp)
Warning in left_join(., key, by = "meter_origin"): Detected an unexpected many-to-many relationship between `x` and `y`.
ℹ Row 14881 of `x` matches multiple rows in `y`.
ℹ Row 38 of `y` matches multiple rows in `x`.
ℹ If a many-to-many relationship is expected, set `relationship =
  "many-to-many"` to silence this warning.
`summarise()` has grouped output by 'type_new', 'NAME', 'date'. You can
override using the `.groups` argument.
# generate complete daily dataset
daily_full <- rbind(daily_individual, daily_agg, daily_sub)

Summary

Building type summary

joined_pretty_cat <- joined_cat %>%
  mutate(n = ifelse(n == 1, "-", n),
         kwh = round(kwh, digits = 0),
         dollars = paste("$",round(dollars, digits = 0)),
         ghg_MTCO2 = round(ghg_kgCO2/1000, digits = 0),
         sqft = round(sqft, digits = 0),
         med_kwh_sqft = round(med_kwh_sqft, digits = 1),
         kwh_sqft_25 = round(kwh_sqft_25, digits = 1),
         kwh_sqft_75 = round(kwh_sqft_75, digits = 1)) %>%
    select(type, n, kwh, dollars, ghg_MTCO2, sqft, med_kwh_sqft, kwh_sqft_25, kwh_sqft_75) %>% 
  arrange(desc(med_kwh_sqft))
datatable(joined_pretty_cat,
          filter = 'top',
          rownames = FALSE,
          colnames = c("Building\ntype","Buildings\nwith data", "kWh", "Est. cost", 
                       "CO2e\n(MT)", "Square\nfootage", "Median\nkWh\nper sqft",
                       "25th Perc.", "75th Perc."),
          caption = "Table 1. Descriptive statistics for annual electricity use by building type.")

Data availability by type

buildings_sum$meter <- factor(buildings_sum$meter,
                              levels = c("Weis Meter", "Main Meter",
                                        "Submeter", "Individual"))

pal <- c("grey","grey","#CAB2D6","#6A3D9A")

buildings_graph <- buildings_sum %>%
  filter(!is.na(meter) & !type_new %in% c("Res Hall - U","Non-building","Production","Mixed"))

ggplot(buildings_graph,
       aes(x = reorder(type_new, sqft, FUN = "sum"), y = sqft/1000, fill = meter)) +
  geom_col(position = "stack") +
  scale_fill_manual(values = pal) +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(x = "", y = "Square Footage (1000)", fill = "Meter status") +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1))

Version Author Date
e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26
08cd7e1 maggiedouglas 2026-02-25
8c6712f maggiedouglas 2026-02-24
2fef649 maggiedouglas 2026-02-24
a379c87 maggiedouglas 2026-02-23
1e465a5 maggiedouglas 2026-02-23
ggplot(buildings_graph, 
       aes(x = reorder(type_new, sqft, FUN = "sum"), fill = meter)) +
  geom_bar(position = "stack") +
  scale_fill_manual(values = pal) +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(x = "", y = "Number of Buildings", fill = "Meter status") +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, vjust = 1, hjust = 1))

Version Author Date
e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26
daily_graph <- daily_full %>%
  mutate(date = as_date(date),
         month = month(date, label = TRUE),
         day = wday(date, label = TRUE),
         type_brief = recode(type,
                       'Res Hall - U' = 'Res Hall',
                       'Res Hall - S' = 'Res Hall',
                       'Res Hall - M' = 'Res Hall',
                       'Res Hall - L' = 'Res Hall')) %>%
  filter(!is.na(month))

ggplot(filter(daily_graph, meter != "Submeter"),
       aes(x = month, y = kwh/10^6, fill = reorder(type_brief, kwh, FUN = sum))) +
  geom_col(position = "stack") +
  scale_fill_brewer(type = "qual", palette = "Paired") +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(x = "", y = "Electricity use (million kWh)", fill = "",
       title = "Electricity use by building type")

Version Author Date
e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26
08cd7e1 maggiedouglas 2026-02-25
ggplot(filter(daily_graph, meter == "Submeter"),
       aes(x = month, y = kwh/10^6, fill = reorder(type_brief, kwh, FUN = sum))) +
  geom_col(position = "stack") +
  scale_fill_brewer(type = "qual", palette = "Paired") +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(x = "", y = "Electricity use (million kWh)", fill = "",
       title = "Electricity data from the submeters")

Version Author Date
e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26
ggplot(daily_graph, aes(x = month, y = kwh/10^6, fill = reorder(type, kwh, FUN = 'sum'))) +
  geom_col(position = "stack") +
  facet_wrap(. ~ type, scales = "free") +
  theme_bw() +
  labs(x = "", y = "Electricity use (million kWh)", fill = "") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5)) +
  theme(legend.position = "none")

Version Author Date
e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26
08cd7e1 maggiedouglas 2026-02-25

Summary statistics

summary(joined_full)
     type              meter               NAME             days_perc     
 Length:104         Length:104         Length:104         Min.   : 36.71  
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 95.34  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :100.00  
                                                          Mean   : 95.72  
                                                          3rd Qu.:100.00  
                                                          Max.   :100.00  
                                                                          
      kwh                sqft            kwh_sqft         occupants      
 Min.   :-4274284   Min.   :    500   Min.   : 0.1624   Min.   :  1.000  
 1st Qu.:    8249   1st Qu.:   1925   1st Qu.: 3.5399   1st Qu.:  4.375  
 Median :   20783   Median :   5912   Median : 5.1385   Median :  6.000  
 Mean   :  162525   Mean   :  30890   Mean   : 5.7640   Mean   : 28.057  
 3rd Qu.:   88355   3rd Qu.:  24421   3rd Qu.: 6.5238   3rd Qu.: 33.812  
 Max.   :11648808   Max.   :1119435   Max.   :23.4772   Max.   :159.250  
                    NA's   :14        NA's   :14        NA's   :56       
   kwh_person         dollars            ghg_kgCO2       
 Min.   :  797.1   Min.   :-347862.9   Min.   :-1285808  
 1st Qu.: 1302.1   1st Qu.:    671.4   1st Qu.:    2482  
 Median : 1647.3   Median :   1691.4   Median :    6252  
 Mean   : 2706.7   Mean   :  13227.1   Mean   :   48891  
 3rd Qu.: 2269.2   3rd Qu.:   7190.8   3rd Qu.:   26579  
 Max.   :19990.2   Max.   : 948039.1   Max.   : 3504242  
 NA's   :56                                              
## Stats for campus buildings
stats <- filter(joined_full, meter != "Submeter" & type != "Production")
 # million square feet
(sum(joined_agg$sqft, na.rm=T) + sum(joined_individual$sqft, na.rm=T))/10^6
[1] 1.946878
sum(stats$kwh)/10^6 # million kwh
[1] 17.23632
sum(stats$dollars)/10^6 # million $
[1] 1.402779
sum(stats$ghg_kgCO2)/1000 # MT CO2e
[1] 5185.1
## Stats for solar
solar <- filter(joined_full, type == "Production")
sum(solar$kwh)/10^6 # million kwh
[1] -4.274285
sum(solar$dollars)/10^6 # million $
[1] -0.3478629
sum(solar$ghg_kgCO2)/1000 # MT CO2e
[1] -1285.808

Electricity intensity by type

to_exclude <- filter(joined_full, days_perc < 90)

intensity <- joined_full %>%
  filter(!(type %in% c("Res Hall - U","Production", "Non-building")) 
              & !(NAME %in% to_exclude$NAME))

# median and IQR come from EIA (2022) table, annual kWh per square foot for Colleges/Universities
# https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/ce/pdf/c22.pdf

ggplot(intensity,
       aes(x = reorder(type, kwh_sqft, FUN = "median"),
                        y = kwh_sqft, fill = type)) +
  annotate("rect", xmin = -Inf, xmax = Inf, ymin = 7.4, ymax = 14.3, color = "lightgray", alpha = 0.3) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 10.3, linetype = "dashed", color = "white") +
  geom_boxplot() +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  labs(x = "", y = "kWh per sqft per year", 
       title = "Electricity Intensity by Building Type")

Version Author Date
e752845 maggiedouglas 2026-02-26

Export for downstream analyses

joined_exp <- select(joined_full,
                     type, meter, NAME, kwh, sqft, occupants)
daily_exp <- select(daily_full,
                    type, meter, NAME, date, kwh, sqft, ave_temp)

write.csv(daily_exp, "./output/kwh_daily_20260226.csv", row.names = F)
write.csv(joined_exp, "./output/kwh_annual_20260226.csv", row.names = F)

sessionInfo()
R version 4.3.2 (2023-10-31)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin20 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Ventura 13.7.8

Matrix products: default
BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-x86_64/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib 
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-x86_64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.11.0

locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8

time zone: America/New_York
tzcode source: internal

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
 [1] RColorBrewer_1.1-3 scales_1.3.0       DT_0.33            lubridate_1.9.3   
 [5] forcats_1.0.0      stringr_1.5.1      dplyr_1.1.4        purrr_1.0.2       
 [9] readr_2.1.5        tidyr_1.3.1        tibble_3.2.1       ggplot2_3.5.1     
[13] tidyverse_2.0.0   

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] sass_0.4.8        utf8_1.2.4        generics_0.1.3    stringi_1.8.3    
 [5] hms_1.1.3         digest_0.6.37     magrittr_2.0.3    timechange_0.3.0 
 [9] evaluate_0.23     grid_4.3.2        fastmap_1.1.1     rprojroot_2.0.4  
[13] workflowr_1.7.1   jsonlite_1.8.8    whisker_0.4.1     promises_1.2.1   
[17] fansi_1.0.6       crosstalk_1.2.1   jquerylib_0.1.4   cli_3.6.2        
[21] rlang_1.1.3       ellipsis_0.3.2    munsell_0.5.0     withr_3.0.0      
[25] cachem_1.0.8      yaml_2.3.8        tools_4.3.2       tzdb_0.4.0       
[29] colorspace_2.1-0  httpuv_1.6.13     vctrs_0.6.5       R6_2.5.1         
[33] lifecycle_1.0.4   git2r_0.33.0      htmlwidgets_1.6.4 fs_1.6.3         
[37] pkgconfig_2.0.3   pillar_1.9.0      bslib_0.6.1       later_1.3.2      
[41] gtable_0.3.4      glue_1.7.0        Rcpp_1.1.0        highr_0.10       
[45] xfun_0.41         tidyselect_1.2.0  rstudioapi_0.16.0 knitr_1.45       
[49] farver_2.1.1      htmltools_0.5.7   labeling_0.4.3    rmarkdown_2.25   
[53] compiler_4.3.2