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Knit directory: single-cell-topics/analysis/

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Here we closely examine the topic modeling results for the two epithelial airway data sets (droplet and pulse-seq), and investigate the benefits of modeling single cells as mixtures of gene expression programs in these data sets. In particular, we will compare and contrast differential expression in clusters vs. topics.

Load the packages used in the analysis below, as well as additional functions that we will use to generate some of the plots.

library(Matrix)
library(dplyr)
library(fastTopics)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggrepel)
library(cowplot)
source("../code/plots.R")

Load data and results

Load the smaller “droplet” data set, the \(k = 7\) Poisson NMF model fit for these data, the 8 clusters identified in the clustering analysis, and the results of the differential expression analysis.

load("../data/droplet.RData")
load("../output/droplet/diff-count-droplet.RData")
counts_droplet <- counts
samples_droplet <- readRDS("../output/droplet/clustering-droplet.rds")
fit_droplet <- readRDS("../output/droplet/rds/fit-droplet-scd-ex-k=7.rds")$fit
diff_count_droplet <- diff_count_topics
diff_count_clusters_droplet <- diff_count_clusters
diff_count_merge_droplet <- diff_count_merge_club
rm(samples,counts)
rm(diff_count_topics,diff_count_clusters,diff_count_merge_club)

For reference, we show here the Structure plot from the clustering analysis of the droplet data. This Structure plot summarizes the topic proportions in each of the 8 subsets (including the background cluster).

Next, we load the larger “pulse-seq” data set, the \(k = 11\) Poisson NMF model fit for these data, and the 7 clusters identified in the clustering analysis.

load("../data/pulseseq.RData")
load("../output/pulseseq/diff-count-pulseseq.RData")
counts_pulseseq  <- counts
samples_pulseseq <- readRDS("../output/pulseseq/clustering-pulseseq.rds")
fit_pulseseq <- readRDS("../output/pulseseq/rds/fit-pulseseq-scd-ex-k=11.rds")$fit
diff_count_pulseseq <- diff_count_topics
diff_count_clusters_pulseseq <- diff_count_clusters
diff_count_merge_pulseseq <- diff_count_merge_bc
rm(samples,counts)
rm(diff_count_topics,diff_count_clusters,diff_count_merge_bc)

For reference, we show here the Structure plot from the clustering analysis of the pulse-seq data. This Structure plot summarizes the topic proportions in each of the 7 subsets (including the background cluster):

Ciliated cells

We begin with the cluster that captures ciliated cells. This cluster is one of the most distinctive in both the droplet and pulse-seq data sets. Ciliated cells are abundant, though not as much as basal and club cells.

ciliated_genes <- c("Ccdc113","Ccdc153","Cdhr3","Foxj1","Lztfl1","Mlf1")
p1 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_droplet,"Cil",
                                          ciliated_genes,
                                          label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p1)

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c0fa2db Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-24
78d64e9 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-23
361eded Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-23
23f87bb Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-23
0ed5061 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-22

Marker genes and transcription factors identified in Montoro et al (2018) are highlighted in black, and other top differentially expressed genes are shown with gray labels.

We obtain similar top differentially expressed genes in the pulse-seq data:

p2 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,"Cil",
                                          ciliated_genes,
                                          label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p2)

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78d64e9 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-23
361eded Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-23
23f87bb Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-23
0ed5061 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-22

The topic for the ciliated cell-type (\(k = 7\)) corresponds very closely to the “Cil” cluster in the pulse-seq data. In addition, gene enrichments are considerably stronger in the topic for ciliated genes, particularly so for some genes with lower expression levels.

p3 <- zscores_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,
                          diff_count_pulseseq,"Cil","k7",ciliated_genes,
                          xlab = "cluster Cil",ylab = "topic 7")
p4 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,diff_count_pulseseq,
                       "Cil","k7",ciliated_genes,
                       xlab = "cluster Cil",ylab = "topic 7")
plot_grid(p3,p4)

Version Author Date
b3f5a08 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29
09d30d6 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29

Ionocytes

In the pulse-seq data, we identify a distinctive cluster for the newly discovered, rare “ionocyte” cell type. Gene expression in these cells is not fully captured by any single topic, yet the mixture of topics forms a distinctive cluster.

ionocyte_genes <- c("Ascl3","Asgr1","Atp6v0d2","Atp6v1c2","Cftr","Foxi1",
                    "Moxd1","P2ry14","Stap1")
p5 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,"I",
                                          ionocyte_genes,
                                          label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p5)

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b3f5a08 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29
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0ed5061 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-22

We do not identify a topic or cluster for ionocytes in the droplet data. Judging by expression of the Foxi1 ionocyte marker gene, only a handful of cells in the droplet data are ionocytes:

p6 <- pca_plot_with_counts(fit_droplet,counts_droplet[,"Foxi1"],1:2)
print(p6)

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0ed5061 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-22

Goblet cells

Consistent with Montoro et al (2018), we identify a cluster of Goblet cells in the droplet data.

goblet_genes <- "Gp2"
p7 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_droplet,"G",
                                          goblet_genes,
                                          label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p7)

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0ed5061 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-22

Topic \(k = 1\) is unique to this cluster, suggesting that the this topic characterizes the goblet cell type. Indeed, there is a very close correspondence between the topic and cluster, with several characteristic genes (e.g. Gp2) showing somewhat stronger enrichment in the topic.

p8 <- zscores_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet,
                          diff_count_droplet,"G","k1",goblet_genes,
                          label_above_score = 200,
                          xlab = "cluster G",ylab = "topic 1")
p9 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet,diff_count_droplet,
                       "G","k1",goblet_genes,xlab = "cluster G",
                       ylab = "topic 1")
plot_grid(p8,p9)

Version Author Date
b3f5a08 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29
09d30d6 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29

Tuft and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells

In both data sets, we identify clusters for tuft and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. The fitted topic models do not distinguish between these two rare cell types; we identify these cell types as a single cluster.

tuft_neuroendocrine_genes <- c("Ascl1","Ascl2","Ascl3","Chga","Dclk1","Rgs13")
p8 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_droplet,"T+N",
                                          tuft_neuroendocrine_genes,
                                          label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p8)

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Here is the volcano plot from the pulse-seq data:

p9 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,"T+N",
                                          tuft_neuroendocrine_genes,
                                          label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p9)

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b3f5a08 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29
09d30d6 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-29
6272c69 Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-26
6a9691b Peter Carbonetto 2020-09-24

Basal cells

We now move on to the large majority of cells in each of the epithelial airway data sets (over 90% in droplet and over 92% in pulseseq) that do not break down into distinct clusters.

Although we do not obtain a distinct basal cells cluster, attempting to form a cluster does indeed reasonably distinguish basal cells:

basal_genes <- c("Aqp3","Krt5","Dapl1","Hspa1a","Trp63")
p10 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_droplet,"B",
                                           basal_genes,
                                           label_above_quantile = 0.995)
print(p10)

Comparing the basal cells topic (\(k = 2\)) against the basal cells cluster in the droplet data, there is a close correspondence between the two, with the topic showing much stronger enrichment of characteristic basal genes:

p11 <- zscores_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet,
                           diff_count_droplet,"B","k2",basal_genes,
                           zmax = 400,xlab = "cluster B",ylab = "topic 2")
p12 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet,diff_count_droplet,
                        "B","k2",basal_genes,xlab = "cluster B",y = "topic 2")
plot_grid(p11,p12)

We obtain similar results with a cluster identified in the pulse-seq data,

p13 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,"B",
                                           basal_genes,
                                           label_above_quantile = 0.995)
print(p13)

and we achieve stronger enrichment of basal genes in the combined basal topics (\(k = 1, 3, 9\)) when compared to the basal cluster in the pulse-seq data:

p14 <- zscores_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,
                           diff_count_merge_pulseseq,"B","k1+k3+k9",
                           basal_genes,zmax = 2000,
                           xlab = "cluster B",ylab = "topic 2")
p15 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,
                        diff_count_merge_pulseseq,
                        "B","k1+k3+k9",basal_genes,
                        xlab = "cluster B",ylab = "topics 1, 3, 9")
plot_grid(p14,p15)

Club cells

Club cells in droplet data:

club_genes <- c("Nfia","Cbr2","Krt15","Cyp2f2","Lypd2","Scgb1a1")
p16 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_droplet,"C",
                                           club_genes,
                                           label_above_quantile = 0.995)
print(p16)

Club cells in pulse-seq data:

p17 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,"C",
                                           club_genes,
                                           label_above_quantile = 0.995)
print(p17)

Club topic in droplet data:

p18 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet,diff_count_merge_droplet,
                        "C","k5+k7",club_genes,label_above_score = Inf)
print(p18)

Club topic in pulse-seq data:

p19 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,diff_count_merge_pulseseq,
                        "C","k4+k5+k6+k8+k10",club_genes,
                        label_above_score = Inf)
print(p19)

Proliferating cells

Proliferating cells in pulse-seq data:

cell_cycle_genes <- c("Cdk1","Ube2c","Top2a")
p14 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_pulseseq,"P",
                                           cell_cycle_genes,
                                           label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p14)
qt_random_tie <- function (x) {
  y = rank(x,ties.method = "random")
  return(qqnorm(y,plot.it = FALSE)$x)
}
rows <- with(samples_pulseseq,which(cluster == "B" | cluster == "P"))
fit2 <- select(poisson2multinom(fit_pulseseq),loadings = rows)
X <- counts_pulseseq[rows,cell_cycle_genes]
Y <- apply(X,2,qt_random_tie)
rownames(Y) <- rownames(X)
score <- rowSums(Y)
pdat <- as.data.frame(prcomp(fit2$L)$x)
pdat <- cbind(pdat,data.frame(score = score))
p15 <- ggplot(pdat,aes(x = PC5,y = PC6,fill = score)) +
  geom_point(shape = 21,color = "white",size = 1.25) +
  scale_fill_gradientn(colors = c("darkblue","royalblue",
                       "lightskyblue","darkorange","firebrick")) +
  theme_cowplot(font_size = 10)

Hillock cells

Hillock cells in droplet data:

hillock_genes <- c("Anxa1","Cldn3","Ecm1","Krt13","Krt4","Lgals3","S100a11")
p14 <- volcano_plot_with_highlighted_genes(diff_count_clusters_droplet,"H",
                                           hillock_genes,
                                           label_above_quantile = 0.998)
print(p14)

Compare Hillock topic (\(k = 4\)) against cluster in droplet data:

p15 <- beta_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet,diff_count_droplet,
                        "H","k4",hillock_genes,label_above_score = Inf) +
  labs(x = "cluster H",y = "topic 4",title = "log-fold change (\u03b2)")
print(p15)
p15 <- zscores_scatterplot(diff_count_clusters_droplet$Z[,"H"],
                           diff_count_droplet$Z[,4],
                           diff_count_droplet$colmeans,
                           colnames(counts_droplet),
                           label_above_score = 100,
                           zmax = 400) +
  labs(x = "cluster H",y = "topic 4",title = "z-scores")

TO DO: Hillock topic (\(k = 1\)) in pulse-seq data:


sessionInfo()
# R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12)
# Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit)
# Running under: macOS Catalina 10.15.6
# 
# Matrix products: default
# BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
# LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
# 
# locale:
# [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
# 
# attached base packages:
# [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
# 
# other attached packages:
# [1] cowplot_1.0.0      ggrepel_0.9.0      ggplot2_3.3.0      fastTopics_0.3-177
# [5] dplyr_0.8.3        Matrix_1.2-18     
# 
# loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#  [1] Rcpp_1.0.5           lattice_0.20-38      tidyr_1.0.0         
#  [4] prettyunits_1.1.1    assertthat_0.2.1     zeallot_0.1.0       
#  [7] rprojroot_1.3-2      digest_0.6.23        R6_2.4.1            
# [10] backports_1.1.5      MatrixModels_0.4-1   evaluate_0.14       
# [13] coda_0.19-3          httr_1.4.1           pillar_1.4.3        
# [16] rlang_0.4.5          progress_1.2.2       lazyeval_0.2.2      
# [19] data.table_1.12.8    irlba_2.3.3          SparseM_1.78        
# [22] whisker_0.4          rmarkdown_2.3        labeling_0.3        
# [25] Rtsne_0.15           stringr_1.4.0        htmlwidgets_1.5.1   
# [28] munsell_0.5.0        compiler_3.6.2       httpuv_1.5.2        
# [31] xfun_0.11            pkgconfig_2.0.3      mcmc_0.9-6          
# [34] htmltools_0.4.0      tidyselect_0.2.5     tibble_2.1.3        
# [37] workflowr_1.6.2.9000 quadprog_1.5-8       viridisLite_0.3.0   
# [40] crayon_1.3.4         withr_2.1.2          later_1.0.0         
# [43] MASS_7.3-51.4        grid_3.6.2           jsonlite_1.6        
# [46] gtable_0.3.0         lifecycle_0.1.0      git2r_0.26.1        
# [49] magrittr_1.5         scales_1.1.0         RcppParallel_4.4.2  
# [52] stringi_1.4.3        farver_2.0.1         fs_1.3.1            
# [55] promises_1.1.0       vctrs_0.2.1          tools_3.6.2         
# [58] glue_1.3.1           purrr_0.3.3          hms_0.5.2           
# [61] yaml_2.2.0           colorspace_1.4-1     plotly_4.9.2        
# [64] knitr_1.26           quantreg_5.54        MCMCpack_1.4-5