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library(tidyverse)
library(patchwork)
library(seacarb)
library(marelac)
library(metR)
library(scico)
library(lubridate)
library(zoo)

1 Sensor data

Profile data are prepared by:

  • Ignoring those made on June 16 (pCO2 sensor not in operation)
  • Removing HydroC Flush and Zeroing periods
  • Selecting only continous downcast periods
  • Gridding profiles to 1m depth intervals
  • Discarding profiles with 3 or more observation missing within upper 20m
  • assigning mean date_time_ID value to all profiles belonging to one cruise
  • discarding “coastal” station P01, P13, P14
  • Restricting profiles to upper 25m

Please note that:

  • The label ID represents the start date of the cruise (“YYMMDD”), not the exact mean sampling date

1.1 pCO2 profile overview

ts <-
 read_csv(here::here("data/_merged_data_files",
                      "BloomSail_CTD_HydroC_track_RT.csv"),
               col_types = cols(ID = col_character(),
                                pCO2_analog = col_double(),
                                pCO2 = col_double(),
                                Zero = col_character(),
                                Flush = col_character(),
                                mixing = col_character(),
                                Zero_ID = col_integer(),
                                deployment = col_integer(),
                                lon = col_double(),
                                lat = col_double(),
                                pCO2_RT = col_double()))


# Filter relevant rows and columns

ts_profiles <- ts %>% 
  filter(type == "P",
         Flush == "0",
         Zero == "0",
         !ID %in% c("180616","180820"),
         !(station %in% c("PX1", "PX2"))) %>% 
  select(date_time, ID, station, lat, lon, dep, sal, tem, pCO2_raw = pCO2, pCO2 = pCO2_RT_mean, duration)


stations <- ts_profiles %>% 
  group_by(station) %>% 
  summarise(lat = mean(lat),
            lon = mean(lon)) %>% 
  ungroup()


ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  filter(!(station %in% c("P14", "P13", "P01")))
# Assign meta information

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  group_by(ID, station) %>% 
  mutate(duration = as.numeric(date_time - min(date_time))) %>%
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  ungroup()

meta <- read_csv(here::here("Data/_summarized_data_files",
                          "Tina_V_Sensor_meta.csv"),
                 col_types = cols(ID = col_character()))

meta <- meta %>% 
    filter(!ID %in% c("180616","180820"),
           !(station %in% c("PX1", "PX2", "P14", "P13", "P01")))

ts_profiles <- full_join(ts_profiles, meta)
rm(meta)


# creating descriptive variables
ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  mutate(phase = "standby",
         phase = if_else(duration >= start & duration < down & !is.na(down) & !is.na(start),
                         "down", phase),
         phase = if_else(duration >= down  & duration < lift & !is.na(lift) & !is.na(down ),
                         "low",  phase),
         phase = if_else(duration >= lift  & duration < up   & !is.na(up  ) & !is.na(lift  ),
                         "mid",  phase),
         phase = if_else(duration >= up    & duration < end  & !is.na(end ) & !is.na(up   ),
                         "up",   phase))

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  select(-c(start, down, lift, up, end, comment, p_type, duration))


# select downcasst only
ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  filter(phase == "down") %>% 
  select(-phase)



# ts_profiles_highres <- ts_profiles

# grid observation to 1m depth intervals
ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  mutate(dep_grid = as.numeric(as.character( cut(dep, seq(0,40,1), seq(0.5,39.5,1))))) %>% 
  group_by(ID, station, dep_grid) %>%
  summarise_all("mean", na.rm = TRUE) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  select(-dep, dep=dep_grid)

# subset complete profiles
profiles_in <- ts_profiles %>% 
  filter(dep < 20) %>% 
  group_by(ID, station) %>% 
  summarise(nr = n()) %>% 
  mutate(select = if_else(nr > 18 | station == "P14", "in", "out")) %>% 
  select(-nr) %>% 
  ungroup()

ts_profiles <- full_join(ts_profiles, profiles_in)
rm(profiles_in)

ts_profiles %>% 
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(pCO2, dep, col=select))+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 25)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(0, 600), labels = c(0, 600))+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1", direction = -1)+
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0,600))+
  facet_grid(ID~station)
Overview pCO2 profiles at stations (P02-P12) and cruise dates (ID). y-axis restricted to displayed range.

Overview pCO2 profiles at stations (P02-P12) and cruise dates (ID). y-axis restricted to displayed range.

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>%
  filter(select == "in") %>%
  select(-select) %>% 
  filter(dep < 25)

# assign mean date_time stamp

cruise_dates <- ts_profiles %>% 
  group_by(ID) %>% 
  summarise(date_time_ID = mean(date_time),
            date_ID = format(as.Date(date_time_ID), "%b %d")) %>% 
  ungroup()

# inner_join remove P14 observations lacking date_time_ID 
ts_profiles <- inner_join(cruise_dates, ts_profiles)

1.2 Station map

lat_lo <- 57.25
lat_hi <- 57.6

lon_lo <- 18.6
lon_hi <- 19.7

map <- read_csv(here::here("data/Maps","Bathymetry_Gotland_east_small.csv")) %>% 
  filter(lat < lat_hi, lat > lat_lo,
         lon < lon_hi, lon > lon_lo)

map_low_res <- map %>% 
  mutate(lat = cut(lat,
                   breaks = seq(57,58,0.01),
                   labels = seq(57.005,57.995,0.01)),
         lon = cut(lon,
                   breaks = seq(18,22,0.01),
                   labels = seq(18.005,21.995,0.01))) %>% 
  group_by(lat,lon) %>% 
  summarise_all(mean, na.rm=TRUE) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(lat = as.numeric(as.character(lat)),
         lon = as.numeric(as.character(lon)))


fm_bs <-
  read_csv(here::here("Data/_summarized_data_files",
                       "Finnmaid.csv")) %>% 
  filter(Lat <= lat_hi, Lat >= lat_lo, Lon >= lon_lo)

ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(data = map_low_res,
                    aes(x=lon, y=lat, z=-elev),
                    na.fill = TRUE,
                    breaks = seq(0,300,20))+
  geom_raster(data=map %>% filter(is.na(elev)),
              aes(lon, lat), fill="black")+
  geom_line(data = fm_bs, aes(Lon, Lat, group=ID), col="grey")+
  geom_line(data = fm_bs %>% filter(Area == "BS"), aes(Lon, Lat, group=ID), col="red")+
  geom_label(data = stations %>% filter(!(station %in% c("P14", "P13", "P01"))),
             aes(lon, lat, label=station), col="red")+
  geom_label(data = stations %>% filter(station %in% c("P14", "P13", "P01")),
             aes(lon, lat, label=station), col="grey")+
  coord_quickmap(expand = 0, ylim = c(lat_lo+0.01, lat_hi-0.01))+
  labs(x="Longitude (°E)", y="Latitude (°N)")+
  scale_fill_scico(palette = "oslo", na.value = "grey",
                   name="Depth [m]", direction = -1,
                   breaks = seq(0,160,20),
                   guide = "colorstrip")
Location of stations sampled between the east coast of Gotland and Gotland deep.

Location of stations sampled between the east coast of Gotland and Gotland deep.

ggsave(here::here("output/Plots/Figures_publication/article", "station_map.pdf"),
       width = 180, height = 150, dpi = 300, units = "mm")

rm(map, map_low_res, lat_hi, lat_lo, lon_hi, lon_lo, fm_bs)

1.3 Data coverage

cover <- ts_profiles %>% 
  group_by(ID, station) %>% 
  summarise(date = mean(date_time),
            date_time_ID = mean(date_time_ID)) %>% 
  ungroup()

cover %>% 
  ggplot(aes(date, station, fill=ID))+
  geom_vline(aes(xintercept = date_time_ID, col=ID))+
  geom_point(shape=21)+
  scale_fill_viridis_d(labels = cruise_dates$date_ID,
                       name = "Mean cruise date")+
  scale_color_viridis_d(labels = cruise_dates$date_ID,
                       name = "Mean cruise date")+
    scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   date_labels = "%b %d")+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank())
Spatio-temporal data coverage, indicated as station visits over time. ID (color) refers to the starting date of the cruise, except for P14, which was visited twice during each cruise.

Spatio-temporal data coverage, indicated as station visits over time. ID (color) refers to the starting date of the cruise, except for P14, which was visited twice during each cruise.

ggsave(here::here("output/Plots/Figures_publication/article", "data_coverage.pdf"),
       width = 130, height = 65, dpi = 300, units = "mm")

rm(cover)

2 Bottle CT and AT

At stations P07 and P10 discrete samples for lab measurments of CT and AT were collected. Please note that - in contrast to the pCO2 profiles - samples were taken on June 16, but removed here for harmonization of results.

tb <-
  read_csv(here::here("Data/_summarized_data_files", "Tina_V_Bottle_CO2_lab.csv"),
           col_types = cols(ID = col_character()))

tb <- tb %>% 
  filter(station %in% c("P07", "P10")) %>% 
  select(-pH_Mosley) %>% 
  mutate(CT_AT_ratio = CT/AT,
         ID = if_else(ID == "180722", "180723", ID))

tb <- inner_join(tb, cruise_dates)

2.1 Vertical profiles

tb_long <- tb %>% 
  pivot_longer(4:7, names_to = "var", values_to = "value")

tb_long %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value, dep))+
  geom_path(aes(col=ID))+
  geom_point(aes(fill=ID), shape=21)+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_fill_viridis_d(labels = cruise_dates$date_ID)+
  scale_color_viridis_d(labels = cruise_dates$date_ID)+
  facet_grid(station~var, scales = "free_x")+
  theme(legend.position = "bottom",
        legend.title = element_blank())

Important notes: - Spatio-temporal variation of AT is small, which jusitfies conversion of pCO2 to CT based on a fixed mean AT - On July 31 we see a drop in surface salinity, associated with a rise in AT, clearly pointing at exchange of water masses, presumably later

2.2 Surface time series

tb_surface <- tb_long %>% 
  filter(dep<9) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, var, station) %>% 
  summarise(value = mean(value, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  ungroup()

tb_surface_station_mean <- tb_long %>% 
  filter(dep<9) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, var) %>% 
  summarise(value = mean(value, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  ungroup()

tb_long %>%
  filter(dep<11) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_line(data = tb_surface, aes(date_time_ID, value, col="Individual"))+
  geom_line(data = tb_surface_station_mean, aes(date_time_ID, value, col="Both (mean)"))+
  geom_point(aes(date_time_ID, value, fill=dep), shape=21)+
  scale_fill_scico(palette = "oslo", direction = -1, name="Depth (m)")+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1", name="Station")+
  facet_grid(var~station, scales = "free_y")+
  labs(x="Mean transect date")
Time series of bottle data. Shown are mean values of samples collected at water depths < 10m (usually collected at 0 and 5 m).

Time series of bottle data. Shown are mean values of samples collected at water depths < 10m (usually collected at 0 and 5 m).

rm(tb_long, tb_surface_station_mean)
AT_mean <- tb %>% 
  filter(dep <= 20) %>% 
  summarise(AT = mean(AT, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  pull()

tb_surface %>% 
  filter(var == "CT_AT_ratio") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(date_time_ID, value*AT_mean, col=station))+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_fill_viridis_d()+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1")+
  labs(x="Mean transect date", y="CT-AT-ratio * mean AT")
CT timeseries, derived by multiplying the CT-AT-ratio with mean AT

CT timeseries, derived by multiplying the CT-AT-ratio with mean AT

Important notes: - CT drop and temporal patterns observed in the CT/AT time series agrees well with those found in the CT time series derived from pCO2 measurements

2.3 Mean alkalinity

In order to derive CT from measured pCO2 profiles, the alkalinity mean + sd in the upper 20 m and both stations was calculated as:

AT_mean
[1] 1718.872
AT_sd <- tb %>% 
  filter(dep <= 20) %>% 
  summarise(AT = sd(AT, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  pull()

AT_sd
[1] 26.23092
rm(AT_sd)

Likewise, the mean salinity amounts to:

sal_mean <- tb %>% 
  filter(dep <= 20) %>% 
  summarise(sal = mean(sal, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  pull()

sal_mean
[1] 6.907083
bind_cols(start = min(ts_profiles$date_time), 
          end = max(ts_profiles$date_time),
          AT = AT_mean,
          sal = sal_mean) %>% 
  write_csv(here::here("Data/_summarized_data_files", "tb_fix.csv"))

rm(tb)

3 CT profiles

3.1 Calculation from pCO2

CT profiles were calculated from sensor pCO2 and T profiles, and constant salinity and alkalinity values. Note that the impact of fixed vs. measured salinity has only a negligible impact on CT profiles.

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  drop_na()

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  filter(pCO2 > 0)

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  mutate(CT = carb(24, var1=pCO2, var2=1720*1e-6,
                   S=sal_mean, T=tem, P=dep/10, k1k2="m10", kf="dg", ks="d",
                   gas="insitu")[,16]*1e6)

rm(sal_mean)

ts_profiles %>% 
  write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "ts_profiles.csv"))

3.2 Plot all profiles

ts_profiles <-  ts_profiles %>% 
  arrange(date_time_ID)

p_tem <- 
  ts_profiles %>% 
  ggplot(aes(tem, dep, col=ID, group = interaction(station, ID)))+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse(expand = c(0,0))+
  labs(x = "Temperature (\u00B0C)",
       y = "Depth (m)")+
  scale_color_viridis_d(guide = FALSE)

p_pCO2 <- 
  ts_profiles %>% 
  ggplot(aes(pCO2, dep, col=ID, group = interaction(station, ID)))+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse(expand = c(0,0))+
  labs(x = expression(pCO[2]~(µatm)))+
  scale_color_viridis_d(guide = FALSE)+
  theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank())

p_CT <- 
  ts_profiles %>% 
  ggplot(aes(CT, dep, col=ID, group = interaction(station, ID)))+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse(expand = c(0,0))+
  labs(x = expression(nC[T]~(µmol~kg^{-1})))+
  scale_color_viridis_d(labels = cruise_dates$date_ID)+
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        axis.text.y = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_blank())

p_tem + p_pCO2 + p_CT

ggsave(here::here("output/Plots/Figures_publication/article", "profiles_all.pdf"),
       width = 180, height = 80, dpi = 300, units = "mm")


rm( p_tem, p_pCO2, p_CT)

3.3 Mean profiles

Mean vertical profiles were calculated for each cruise day (ID).

ts_profiles_ID_mean <- ts_profiles %>% 
  select(-c(station,lat, lon, pCO2_raw, date_time)) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, dep) %>% 
  summarise_all(list(mean), na.rm=TRUE) %>% 
  ungroup()

ts_profiles_ID_sd <- ts_profiles %>% 
  select(-c(station,lat, lon, pCO2_raw, date_time)) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, dep) %>% 
  summarise_all(list(sd), na.rm=TRUE) %>% 
  ungroup()

ts_profiles_ID_sd_long <- ts_profiles_ID_sd %>% 
  pivot_longer(sal:CT, names_to = "var", values_to = "sd")
  
ts_profiles_ID_mean_long <- ts_profiles_ID_mean %>% 
  pivot_longer(sal:CT, names_to = "var", values_to = "value")
  
ts_profiles_ID_long <- inner_join(ts_profiles_ID_mean_long, ts_profiles_ID_sd_long)

ts_profiles_ID_mean %>% 
  write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "ts_profiles_ID.csv"))

rm(ts_profiles_ID_sd_long, ts_profiles_ID_sd, ts_profiles_ID_mean_long, ts_profiles_ID_mean)

ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value, dep, col=ID))+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_viridis_d()+
  facet_wrap(~var, scales = "free_x")
Mean vertical profiles per cruise day across all stations.

Mean vertical profiles per cruise day across all stations.

all <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var %in% c("CT", "tem")) %>% 
  rename(group = ID)

ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var %in% c("CT", "tem")) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_path(data=all, aes(value, dep, group=group))+
  geom_ribbon(aes(xmin = value-sd, xmax=value+sd, y=dep, fill=ID), alpha=0.5)+
  geom_path(aes(value, dep, col=ID))+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_viridis_d()+
  scale_fill_viridis_d()+
  facet_grid(ID~var, scales = "free_x")
Mean vertical profiles per cruise day across all stations plotted indivdually. Ribbons indicate the standard deviation observed across all profiles at each depth and transect.

Mean vertical profiles per cruise day across all stations plotted indivdually. Ribbons indicate the standard deviation observed across all profiles at each depth and transect.

rm(all)

Important notes:

  • the standard deviation of CT in the upper 10m increases on June 30.

3.4 Individual profiles

CT, pCO2, S, and T profiles were plotted individually pdf here and grouped by ID pdf here. The later gives an idea of the differences between stations at one point in time.

pdf(file=here::here("output/Plots/CT_dynamics",
    "ts_profiles_pCO2_tem_sal_CT.pdf"), onefile = TRUE, width = 9, height = 5)

for(i_ID in unique(ts_profiles$ID)){
  for(i_station in unique(ts_profiles$station)){

    if (nrow(ts_profiles %>% filter(ID == i_ID, station == i_station)) > 0){
      
      
      # i_ID      <-      unique(ts_profiles$ID)[1]
      # i_station <- unique(ts_profiles$station)[1]

      p_pCO2 <- 
        ts_profiles %>%
        arrange(date_time) %>% 
        filter(ID == i_ID,
               station == i_station) %>%
        ggplot(aes(pCO2, dep, col="grid_RT"))+
        geom_point(data = ts_profiles_highres %>% arrange(date_time) %>% filter(ID == i_ID, station == i_station),
                   aes(pCO2_raw, dep, col="raw"))+
        geom_point(data = ts_profiles_highres %>% arrange(date_time) %>% filter(ID == i_ID, station == i_station),
                   aes(pCO2, dep, col="raw_RT"))+
        geom_point(aes(pCO2_raw, dep, col="grid"))+
        geom_point()+
        geom_path()+
        scale_y_reverse()+
        scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1")+
        labs(y="Depth [m]", x="pCO2 [µatm]", title = str_c(i_ID," | ",i_station))+
        coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0,200), ylim = c(30,0))+
        theme_bw()+
        theme(legend.position = "left")
      
      p_tem <- 
        ts_profiles %>%
        arrange(date_time) %>% 
        filter(ID == i_ID,
               station == i_station) %>%
        ggplot(aes(tem, dep))+
        geom_point()+
        geom_path()+
        scale_y_reverse()+
        labs(y="Depth [m]", x="Tem [°C]")+
        coord_cartesian(xlim = c(14,26), ylim = c(30,0))+
        theme_bw()
      
      p_sal <- 
        ts_profiles %>%
        arrange(date_time) %>% 
        filter(ID == i_ID,
               station == i_station) %>%
        ggplot(aes(sal, dep))+
        geom_point()+
        geom_path()+
        scale_y_reverse()+
        labs(y="Depth [m]", x="Tem [°C]")+
        coord_cartesian(xlim = c(6.5,7.5), ylim = c(30,0))+
        theme_bw()
      
      p_CT <- 
        ts_profiles %>%
        arrange(date_time) %>% 
        filter(ID == i_ID,
               station == i_station) %>%
        ggplot(aes(CT, dep))+
        geom_point()+
        geom_path()+
        scale_y_reverse()+
        labs(y="Depth [m]", x="CT* [µmol/kg]")+
        coord_cartesian(xlim = c(1400,1700), ylim = c(30,0))+
        theme_bw()
      

      print(
            p_pCO2 + p_tem + p_sal + p_CT
            )
      
      rm(p_pCO2, p_sal, p_tem, p_CT)

      
    }
  }
}

dev.off()

rm(i_ID, i_station, ts_profiles_highres)
ts_profiles_long <- ts_profiles %>%
  select(-c(lat, lon, pCO2_raw)) %>% 
  pivot_longer(sal:CT, values_to = "value", names_to = "var")


pdf(file=here::here("output/Plots/CT_dynamics",
    "ts_profiles_ID_pCO2_tem_sal_CT.pdf"), onefile = TRUE, width = 9, height = 5)

for(i_ID in unique(ts_profiles$ID)){

  #i_ID <- unique(ts_profiles$ID)[1]
  
  sub_ts_profiles_long <- ts_profiles_long %>% 
        arrange(date_time) %>% 
        filter(ID == i_ID)
 
  print(
  
  sub_ts_profiles_long %>% 
    ggplot()+
    geom_path(data = ts_profiles_long, aes(value, dep, group=interaction(station, ID)), col="grey")+
    geom_path(aes(value, dep, col=station))+
    scale_y_reverse()+
    labs(y="Depth [m]", title = str_c("ID: ", i_ID))+
    theme_bw()+
    facet_wrap(~var, scales = "free_x")
   
  )  
  rm(sub_ts_profiles_long)
}

dev.off()

rm(i_ID, ts_profiles_long)

3.5 Profiles of incremental changes

Changes of seawater vars at each depth are calculated from one cruise day to the next and divided by the number of days inbetween.

ts_profiles_ID_long <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>%
    group_by(var, dep) %>%
    arrange(date_time_ID) %>%
    mutate(date_time_ID_diff = as.numeric(date_time_ID - lag(date_time_ID)),
           date_time_ID_ref  = date_time_ID - (date_time_ID - lag(date_time_ID))/2,
           value_diff = value     - lag(value, default = first(value)),
           value_diff_daily = value_diff / date_time_ID_diff,
           value_cum = cumsum(value_diff)) %>% 
  ungroup()


ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_diff_daily, dep, col=ID))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_viridis_d()+
  facet_wrap(~var, scales = "free_x")+
  labs(x="Change of value inbetween cruises per day")

3.6 Profiles of cumulative changes

Cumulative changes of seawater vars were calculated at each depth relative to the first cruise day on July 5.

ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_cum, dep, col=ID))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_viridis_d()+
  facet_wrap(~var, scales = "free_x")+
  labs(x="Cumulative change of value")

Important notes:

  • Salinity in the upper 10m decreases by >0.1 on June 30, and returns to average conditions already on Aug 02.

Cumulative positive and negative changes of seawater vars were calculated separately at each depth relative to the first cruise day on July 5.

ts_profiles_ID_long <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  mutate(sign = if_else(value_diff < 0, "neg", "pos")) %>% 
  group_by(var, dep, sign) %>%
  arrange(date_time_ID) %>%
  mutate(value_cum_sign = cumsum(value_diff)) %>% 
  ungroup()

ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_cum_sign, dep, col=ID))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_viridis_d()+
  scale_fill_viridis_d()+
  facet_wrap(~interaction(sign, var), scales = "free_x", ncol=4)+
  labs(x="Cumulative directional change of value")

ts_profiles_ID_long %>%
  write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "ts_profiles_ID_long_cum.csv"))

4 Timeseries

4.1 Timeseries depth intervals

Mean seawater parameters were calculated for 5m depth intervals.

ts_profiles_ID_long_grid <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  mutate(dep = cut(dep, seq(0,30,5))) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, dep, var)  %>% 
  summarise_all(list(mean), na.rm=TRUE) 

ts_profiles_ID_long_grid %>% 
  ggplot(aes(date_time_ID, value, col=as.factor(dep)))+
  geom_path()+
  #geom_errorbar(aes(date_time_ID, ymax=value+sd, ymin=value-sd, col=as.factor(dep)))+
  geom_point()+
  scale_color_viridis_d(name="Depth [m]")+
  facet_wrap(~var, scales = "free_y", ncol=1)

rm(ts_profiles_ID_long_grid)

4.2 Hovmoeller plots

4.2.1 Absolute values

bin_CT <- 30

p_CT_hov <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "CT") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=dep, z=value),
                    breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_CT),
                    col="black")+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=c(24.5)), size=3, shape=24, fill="white")+
  scale_fill_scico(breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_CT),
                   guide = "colorstrip",
                   name="CT (µmol/kg)",
                   palette = "davos", direction = -1)+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(y="Depth (m)")+
  coord_cartesian(expand = 0)+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        legend.position = "left")

bin_Tem <- 2

p_tem_hov <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "tem") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=dep, z=value),
                    breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_Tem),
                    col="black")+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=c(24.5)), size=3, shape=24, fill="white")+
  scale_fill_viridis_c(breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_Tem),
                       guide = "colorstrip",
                       name="Tem (°C)",
                       option = "inferno")+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  labs(y="Depth (m)")+
  coord_cartesian(expand = 0)+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        legend.position = "left")

p_CT_hov / p_tem_hov
Hovmoeller plots of absolute changes in C~T~ and temperature.

Hovmoeller plots of absolute changes in CT and temperature.

rm(p_CT_hov, bin_CT, p_tem_hov, bin_Tem)

4.2.2 Incremental changes

bin_CT <- 2.5

CT_hov <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "CT") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(aes(x=date_time_ID_ref, y=dep, z=value_diff_daily),
                    breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_CT),
                    col="black")+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=c(24.5)), size=3, shape=24, fill="white")+
  scale_fill_divergent(breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_CT),
                       guide = "colorstrip",
                       name="CT (µmol/kg)")+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(y="Depth (m)")+
  coord_cartesian(expand = 0)+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

bin_Tem <- 0.1

Tem_hov <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "tem") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(aes(x=date_time_ID_ref, y=dep, z=value_diff_daily),
                    breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_Tem),
                    col="black")+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=c(24.5)), size=3, shape=24, fill="white")+
  scale_fill_divergent(breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_Tem),
                       guide = "colorstrip",
                       name="Tem (°C)")+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(x="",y="Depth (m)")+
  coord_cartesian(expand = 0)

CT_hov / Tem_hov
Hovmoeller plots of daily changes in C~T~ and temperature. Note that calculated  value of change (in contrast to absolute and cumulative values) are referred to the mean dates inbetween cruise, and are not extrapolated to the full observational period.

Hovmoeller plots of daily changes in CT and temperature. Note that calculated value of change (in contrast to absolute and cumulative values) are referred to the mean dates inbetween cruise, and are not extrapolated to the full observational period.

rm(CT_hov, bin_CT, Tem_hov, bin_Tem)

4.2.3 Cumulative changes

bin_CT <- 20

CT_hov <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "CT") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=dep, z=value_cum),
                    breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_CT),
                    col="black")+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=c(24.5)), size=3, shape=24, fill="white")+
  scale_fill_divergent(breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_CT),
                       guide = "colorstrip",
                       name="CT (µmol/kg)")+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(y="Depth (m)")+
  coord_cartesian(expand = 0)+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

bin_Tem <- 2

Tem_hov <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "tem") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_contour_fill(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=dep, z=value_cum),
                    breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_Tem),
                    col="black")+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time_ID, y=c(24.5)), size=3, shape=24, fill="white")+
  scale_fill_divergent(breaks = MakeBreaks(bin_Tem),
                       guide = "colorstrip",
                       name="Tem (°C)")+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(x="",y="Depth (m)")+
  coord_cartesian(expand = 0)

CT_hov / Tem_hov
Hovmoeller plots of cumulative changes in C~T~ and temperature.

Hovmoeller plots of cumulative changes in CT and temperature.

rm(CT_hov, bin_CT, Tem_hov, bin_Tem)

5 Depth-integration CT

A critical first step for the determination of net community production (NCP) is the integration of observed changes in CT over depth to derive iCT. Two approaches were tested:

  • Integration of changes in CT over a predefined, fixed water depth
  • Integration of changes in CT over a mixed layer depth (MLD)

Both aproaches deliver depth-integrated, incremental changes of CT inbetween cruise dates. Those were summed up to derive a trajectory of cummulative iCT changes.

5.1 Fixed depths approach

Incremental and cumulative CT changes inbetween cruise dates were integrated across the water colums down to predefined depth limits. This was done separately for observed positive/negative changes in CT, as well as for the total observed changes.

iCT_grid_sign <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  select(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref) %>% 
  unique() %>% 
  expand_grid(sign = c("pos", "neg"))

iCT_grid_total <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  select(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref) %>% 
  unique() %>% 
  expand_grid(sign = c("total"))

# dep_i <- 10
#rm(iCT, dep_i)

for (dep_i in seq(9,13,1)) {


iCT_sign_temp <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "CT", dep < dep_i) %>% 
  mutate(sign = if_else(ID == "180705" & dep == 0.5, "neg", sign)) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref, sign) %>% 
  summarise(CT_i_diff = sum(value_diff)/1000) %>% 
  ungroup()

iCT_sign_temp <- iCT_sign_temp %>% 
  group_by(sign) %>%
  arrange(date_time_ID) %>% 
  mutate(CT_i_cum = cumsum(CT_i_diff)) %>% 
  ungroup()

iCT_sign_temp <- full_join(iCT_sign_temp, iCT_grid_sign) %>% 
  arrange(sign, date_time_ID) %>% 
  fill(CT_i_cum)


iCT_total_temp <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "CT", dep < dep_i) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref) %>% 
  summarise(CT_i_diff = sum(value_diff)/1000) %>% 
  ungroup()

iCT_total_temp <- iCT_total_temp %>% 
  arrange(date_time_ID) %>% 
  mutate(CT_i_cum = cumsum(CT_i_diff)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(sign = "total")

iCT_total_temp <- full_join(iCT_total_temp, iCT_grid_total) %>% 
  arrange(sign, date_time_ID) %>% 
  fill(CT_i_cum)

iCT_temp <- bind_rows(iCT_sign_temp, iCT_total_temp) %>% 
    mutate(dep_i = dep_i)


if (exists("iCT")) {
  iCT <- bind_rows(iCT, iCT_temp)
  } else {iCT <- iCT_temp}

rm(iCT_temp, iCT_sign_temp, iCT_total_temp)

}

rm(iCT_grid_sign, iCT_grid_total)

iCT <- iCT %>% 
  mutate(dep_i = as.factor(dep_i))

iCT %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_point(data = cruise_dates, aes(date_time_ID, 0), shape=21)+
  geom_col(aes(date_time_ID_ref, CT_i_diff, fill=dep_i),
           position = "dodge", alpha=0.3)+
  geom_line(aes(date_time_ID, CT_i_cum, col=dep_i))+
  scale_color_viridis_d(name="Depth limit (m)")+
  scale_fill_viridis_d(name="Depth limit (m)")+
  labs(y="iCT [mol/m2]", x="")+
  facet_grid(sign~., scales = "free_y", space = "free_y")+
  theme_bw()

iCT_fixed_dep <- iCT
rm(iCT, dep_i)
# iCT %>%
#   write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "iCT_dep_limits.csv"))

5.2 MLD approach

As an alternative to fixed depth levels, vertical integration as low as the mixed layer depth was tested.

5.2.1 Density Calculation

Seawater density Rho was determined from S, T, and p according to TEOS-10.

ts_profiles <- ts_profiles %>% 
  mutate(rho = swSigma(salinity = sal, temperature = tem, pressure = dep/10))

5.2.2 Density profiles

ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro <- ts_profiles %>% 
  select(-c(station,lat, lon, pCO2_raw, pCO2, CT, date_time)) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, date_ID, dep) %>% 
  summarise_all(list(mean), na.rm=TRUE) %>% 
  ungroup()

ts_profiles_ID_sd_hydro <- ts_profiles %>% 
  select(-c(station,lat, lon, pCO2_raw, pCO2, CT, date_time)) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, date_ID, dep) %>% 
  summarise_all(list(sd), na.rm=TRUE) %>% 
  ungroup()


ts_profiles_ID_sd_hydro_long <- ts_profiles_ID_sd_hydro %>% 
  pivot_longer(sal:rho, names_to = "var", values_to = "sd")
  
ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro_long <- ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro %>% 
  pivot_longer(sal:rho, names_to = "var", values_to = "value")
  
ts_profiles_ID_hydro_long <- inner_join(ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro_long, ts_profiles_ID_sd_hydro_long)
ts_profiles_ID_hydro <- ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro

rm(ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro_long,
   ts_profiles_ID_mean_hydro,
   ts_profiles_ID_sd_hydro_long,
   ts_profiles_ID_sd_hydro)

ts_profiles_ID_hydro_long %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value, dep, col=ID))+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_viridis_d()+
  facet_wrap(~var, scales = "free_x")
Mean vertical profiles per cruise day across all stations.

Mean vertical profiles per cruise day across all stations.

5.2.3 MLD calculation

Mixed layer depth (MLD) was determined based on the difference between density at the surface and at depth, for a range of density criteria

# density criterion

ts_profiles_ID_hydro <- expand_grid(ts_profiles_ID_hydro, rho_lim = c(0.1,0.2,0.5))

MLD <- ts_profiles_ID_hydro  %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, rho_lim) %>% 
  mutate(d_rho = rho - first(rho)) %>% 
  filter(d_rho > rho_lim) %>% 
  summarise(MLD = min(dep)) %>% 
  ungroup()

5.2.4 Daily density profiles

ts_profiles_ID_hydro <- 
  full_join(ts_profiles_ID_hydro, MLD)

ts_profiles_ID_hydro %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(rho, dep))+
  geom_hline(aes(yintercept = MLD, col=as.factor(rho_lim)))+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1", name= "Rho limit")+
  facet_wrap(~ID)+
  theme_bw()
Overview density profiles at stations (P01-P14) and cruise dates (ID). Horizontal lines indicate determined MLD

Overview density profiles at stations (P01-P14) and cruise dates (ID). Horizontal lines indicate determined MLD

5.2.5 MLD timeseries

MLD %>% 
  ggplot(aes(date_time_ID, MLD, col=as.factor(rho_lim)))+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1", name= "Rho limit")+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  labs(x="")

5.2.6 iCT calculation

# iCT_grid_sign <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
#   select(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref) %>% 
#   unique() %>% 
#   expand_grid(sign = c("pos", "neg"))
# 
# iCT_grid_total <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
#   select(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref) %>% 
#   unique() %>% 
#   expand_grid(sign = c("total"))


iCT <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(var == "CT")

iCT <- full_join(iCT, MLD)

iCT %>%
    write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "ts_profiles_ID_long_cum_MLD.csv"))

iCT <- iCT %>% 
  filter(dep <= MLD)

iCT <- iCT %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref, rho_lim) %>% 
  summarise(CT_i_diff = sum(value_diff)/1000) %>% 
  ungroup()

iCT <- iCT %>% 
  group_by(rho_lim) %>% 
  arrange(date_time_ID) %>% 
  mutate(CT_i_cum = cumsum(CT_i_diff)) %>% 
  ungroup()

# iCT_total_temp <- full_join(iCT_total_temp, iCT_grid_total) %>% 
#   arrange(sign, date_time_ID) %>% 
#   fill(CT_i_cum)

iCT <- iCT %>% 
  mutate(rho_lim = as.factor(rho_lim))

iCT %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_point(data = cruise_dates, aes(date_time_ID, 0), shape=21)+
  geom_col(aes(date_time_ID_ref, CT_i_diff, fill=rho_lim),
           position = "dodge", alpha=0.3)+
  geom_line(aes(date_time_ID, CT_i_cum, col=rho_lim))+
  scale_color_viridis_d(name="Rho limit")+
  scale_fill_viridis_d(name="Rho limit")+
  labs(y="iCT [mol/m2]", x="")+
  #facet_grid(sign~., scales = "free_y", space = "free_y")+
  theme_bw()

iCT_MLD <- iCT
rm(iCT, MLD)

# iCT %>%
#   write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "iCT_dep_limits.csv"))

5.3 Comparison of approaches

In the following, all cummulative iCT trajectories are displayed. Highlighted are those obtained for the fixed depth approach with 10 m limit, and the MLD approach with a high density threshold of 0.5 kg/m3.

iCT <- full_join(iCT_fixed_dep, iCT_MLD)

iCT <- iCT %>% 
  mutate(group = paste(as.character(sign), as.character(dep_i), as.character(rho_lim)))

iCT %>% 
  arrange(date_time_ID) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0)+
  geom_point(data = cruise_dates, aes(date_time_ID, 0), shape=21)+
  geom_line(aes(date_time_ID, CT_i_cum,
                group=group), col="grey")+
  geom_line(data = iCT_fixed_dep %>% filter(dep_i==12, sign=="total"),
            aes(date_time_ID, CT_i_cum, col="12m - total"))+
  geom_line(data = iCT_MLD %>% filter(rho_lim == 0.1),
            aes(date_time_ID, CT_i_cum, col="MLD - 0.1"))+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1", name="")+
  labs(y="iCT [mol/m2]", x="")

rm(iCT, iCT_MLD)

6 NCP determination

In order to derive an estimate of the net community production NCP (which is equivalent to the formed organic matter that can be exported from the investigated surface layer), two steps are required:

  • decision about the most appropiate iCT trajectory
  • correction of quantifyable CO2 fluxes in and out of the investigated water volume during the period of interest, this includes:
    • Air-sea CO2 fluxes
    • CO2 fluxes due to vertical mixing
    • CO2 fluxes due to lateral transport of water masses (not corrected here)

6.1 Best iCT estimate

The cummulative iCT trajectory determined by integration of CT to a fixed water depth of 10 m was used for NCP calculation for the following reasons:

  • During the first productivity pulse that lasted until July 23:
    • more than 90% of iCT changes were located within the upper 10m
    • no positive iCT changes were located within the upper 10m
  • Deeper (fixed() layers were affected by iCT changes
  • MLD were too shallow to cover all observed negative CT changes
ts_profiles_ID_long_180723 <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(ID == 180723,
         var == "CT")

p_ts_profiles_ID_long <- ts_profiles_ID_long_180723 %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_cum, dep))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0)+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 12, col="red")+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  labs(x="Cumulative change of CT on July 23 (180723)")+
  theme(legend.position = "left")

ts_profiles_ID_long_180723_dep <- ts_profiles_ID_long_180723 %>% 
  select(dep, value_cum) %>% 
  filter(value_cum < 0) %>%
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  mutate(value_cum_i = sum(value_cum),
         value_cum_dep = cumsum(value_cum),
         value_cum_i_rel = value_cum_dep/value_cum_i*100)

p_ts_profiles_ID_long_rel <- ts_profiles_ID_long_180723_dep %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_cum_i_rel, dep))+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 12, col="red")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 90)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_line()+
  scale_y_reverse(limits = c(25,0))+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,100,10))+
  labs(y = "Depth (m)", x = "Relative contribution on July 23")+
  theme_bw()

p_ts_profiles_ID_long + p_ts_profiles_ID_long_rel

rm(ts_profiles_ID_long_180723,
   ts_profiles_ID_long_180723_dep,
   p_ts_profiles_ID_long,
   p_ts_profiles_ID_long_rel)
ts_profiles_ID_long_180723 <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(ID == 180723,
         var == "tem")

p_ts_profiles_ID_long <- ts_profiles_ID_long_180723 %>% 
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_cum, dep))+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0)+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 12, col="red")+
  geom_point()+
  geom_path()+
  scale_y_reverse()+
  labs(x="Cumulative change of Temp on July 23")+
  theme(legend.position = "left")

ts_profiles_ID_long_180723_dep <- ts_profiles_ID_long_180723 %>% 
  select(dep, value_cum) %>% 
  filter(value_cum > 0) %>%
  arrange(dep) %>% 
  mutate(value_cum_i = sum(value_cum),
         value_cum_dep = cumsum(value_cum),
         value_cum_i_rel = value_cum_dep/value_cum_i*100)

p_ts_profiles_ID_long_rel <- ts_profiles_ID_long_180723_dep %>% 
  ggplot(aes(value_cum_i_rel, dep))+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 12, col="red")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 90)+
  geom_point()+
  geom_line()+
  scale_y_reverse(limits = c(25,0))+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,100,10))+
  labs(y = "Depth (m)", x = "Relative contribution on July 23")+
  theme_bw()

p_ts_profiles_ID_long + p_ts_profiles_ID_long_rel

rm(ts_profiles_ID_long_180723,
   ts_profiles_ID_long_180723_dep,
   p_ts_profiles_ID_long,
   p_ts_profiles_ID_long_rel)

6.2 Air-Sea CO2 flux

6.2.1 Surface water data

The cruise mean pCO2 recorded in profiling-mode (stations only) and depths < 6m was used for gas exchange calcualtions.

ts_profiles_surface_long <- ts_profiles %>% 
  filter(dep < 6) %>% 
  select(date_time = date_time_ID, ID, tem, pCO2_water = pCO2, CT) %>% 
  pivot_longer(tem:CT, values_to = "value", names_to = "var")

ts_profiles_surface_long_ID <- ts_profiles_surface_long %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time, var) %>% 
  summarise_all(list(~mean(.), ~sd(.), ~min(.), ~max(.))) %>% 
  ungroup()

p_pCO2_surf <- ts_profiles_surface_long_ID %>%
  filter(var == "pCO2_water") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=date_time))+
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=mean-sd, ymax=mean+sd), alpha=0.2)+
  geom_path(aes(y=mean))+
  geom_point(aes(y=mean))+
  scale_fill_discrete(guide=FALSE)+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = expression(atop(pCO[2],
                           (mu*atm))))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

p_tem_surf <- ts_profiles_surface_long_ID %>%
  filter(var == "tem") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=date_time))+
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=mean-sd, ymax=mean+sd), alpha=0.2)+
  geom_path(aes(y=mean))+
  geom_point(aes(y=mean))+
  scale_fill_discrete(guide=FALSE)+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = "temperature \n (\u00B0C)")+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

p_CT_surf <-
ts_profiles_surface_long_ID %>%
  filter(var == "CT") %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_ribbon(aes(x=date_time, ymin=mean-sd, ymax=mean+sd), alpha=0.2)+
  geom_path(aes(x=date_time, y=mean))+
  geom_point(aes(x=date_time, y=mean))+
  geom_point(data = tb_surface %>% filter(var == "CT_AT_ratio"),
             aes(date_time_ID, value*AT_mean, col=station)) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1")+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = expression(atop(nC[T],
                           (mu*mol~kg^{-1}))))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank(),
        legend.position = c(0.35,0.8),
        legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.direction = "horizontal",
        legend.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        legend.key = element_rect(fill = "transparent"))


p_pCO2_surf + p_tem_surf + p_CT_surf + 
  plot_layout(ncol = 1)

#rm(ts_profiles_surface)

start <- min(ts_profiles_surface_long_ID$date_time)
end   <- max(ts_profiles_surface_long_ID$date_time)

6.2.2 Wind and atm. pCO2

Metrological data were recorded on the flux tower located on Ostergarnsholm island.

og <- read_delim(here::here("Data/Ostergarnsholm/Tower", "Oes_Jens_atm_water_June_to_August_2018.csv"),
                 delim = ";"               )

og <- og %>%
  mutate(date_time = ymd_hms( paste(paste(year, month, day, sep = "/"),
                                          paste(hour, min, sec, sep = ":")))) %>% 
  select("date_time",
         "CO2 12m [ppm]",
         "w_c [ppm m/s]",
         "WS 12m [m/s]",
         "WD 12m [degrees]",
         "T 12m [degrees C]",
         "RIS [W/m^2]"
         ) %>% 
  filter(date_time > start,
         date_time < end)

rm(end, start)

og <- og %>% 
  select(date_time, pCO2_atm = "CO2 12m [ppm]", wind = "WS 12m [m/s]")

6.2.3 Time series plots

Data sets for atmospheric and seawater observations were merged and interpolated to a common time stamp.

ts_profiles_surface_ID <- ts_profiles_surface_long_ID %>% 
  filter(var %in% c("pCO2_water", "tem")) %>% 
  select(date_time:mean) %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = "var", values_from = "mean")

ts_og <- full_join(og, ts_profiles_surface_ID) %>% 
  arrange(date_time)

ts_og <- ts_og %>% 
  mutate(pCO2_water = na.approx(pCO2_water, rule = 2),
         tem = na.approx(tem, rule = 2),
         wind = na.approx(wind, rule = 2)) %>% 
  filter(!is.na(pCO2_atm))

rm(ts_profiles_surface_ID, og)
ts_og_long <- ts_og %>% 
  pivot_longer("pCO2_atm":"tem",
               names_to = "var",
               values_to = "value")

p_pCO2_atm <- ts_og_long %>%
  filter(var == "pCO2_atm") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=date_time))+
  geom_path(aes(y=value))+
  scale_fill_discrete(guide=FALSE)+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = expression(atop(pCO["2,atm"],
                           (mu*atm))))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

p_wind <- ts_og_long %>%
  filter(var == "wind") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=date_time))+
  geom_path(aes(y=value))+
  scale_fill_discrete(guide=FALSE)+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = expression(atop(windspeed,
                           (m~s^{-1}))))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

p_pCO2_atm + p_wind +
  plot_layout(ncol = 1)

6.2.4 Flux calculation

F = k * dCO2

with

dCO2 = K0 * dpCO2 and

k = coeff * U^2 * (660/Sc)^0.5

Units used here are:

  • dpCO2: µatm

  • K0: mol atm-1 kg-1

  • dCO2: µmol kg-1

  • wind speed U: m s-1

  • coeff for k calculation (eg 0.251 in W14): cm hr-1 (m s-1)-2

  • gas transfer velocities k: cm hr-1 (= 6060100 m s-1)

  • air sea CO2 flux F: mol m–2 d–1

  • conversion between the unit of k * dCO2 and F requires a factor of 10-5 * 24

Sc_W14 <- function(tem) {
  2116.8 - 136.25 * tem + 4.7353 * tem^2 - 0.092307 * tem^3 + 0.0007555 * tem^4
}

# Sc_W14(20)

ts_og <- ts_og %>% 
  mutate(dpCO2 = pCO2_water - pCO2_atm,
         dCO2  = dpCO2 * K0(S=6.92, T=tem),
         # W92 = gas_transfer(t = tem, u10 = wind, species = "CO2",
         #                      method = "Wanninkhof1")* 60^2 * 100,
         #k_SM18 = 0.24 * wind^2 * ((1943-119.6*tem + 3.488*tem^2 - 0.0417*tem^3) / 660)^(-0.5),
         k = 0.251 * wind^2 * (Sc_W14(tem)/660)^(-0.5))
  # pivot_longer(9:10, names_to = "k_para", values_to = "k_value")

# calculate flux F [mol m–2 d–1]

ts_og <- ts_og %>% 
  mutate(flux_daily = k*dCO2*1e-5*24) 

rm(Sc_W14)

6.2.5 Daily fluxes

p_flux_daily <- ts_og %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=date_time))+
  geom_path(aes(y=flux_daily))+
  scale_fill_discrete(guide=FALSE)+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = expression(atop(flux[daily],
                           (mol~m^{-2}~d^{-1}))))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

6.2.6 Cumulative Fluxes

# scale flux to time interval

ts_og <- ts_og %>% 
  mutate(scale = 24*2) %>% 
  mutate(flux_scale = flux_daily / scale) %>% 
  #group_by(freq, k_para) %>% 
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  mutate(flux_cum = cumsum(flux_scale)) %>% 
  ungroup()

p_flux_cum <- ts_og %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=date_time))+
  geom_path(aes(y=flux_cum))+
  scale_fill_discrete(guide=FALSE)+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  labs(y = expression(atop(flux[cum],
                           (mol~m^{-2}))))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_blank())

6.3 iCT correction

The cumulative iCT time series obtained through integration across the upper 10m of the water column was used for further calculations of NCP.

Correction of iCT for air-sea CO2 fluxes will be based on estimates derived from observation with 30min measurement interval and calculation according to Wanninkhof (2014).

To derive an integrated NCP estimated, the observed change in iCT must be corrected for the air-sea flux of CO2. iCT was determined for the upper 10m of the water column. The MLD was always shallower 10m, except for the last cruise day. Therefore:

  • Cumulative air-sea fluxes can be added completely to iCT before Aug 7.
  • Between Aug 7 and the last cruise on Aug 15 it was assumed, that the CO2 flux was homogenously mixed down to the MLD. The flux correction applied to the upper 10m can therefore be scaled with a factor 10m/MLD

During the last cruise, deeper mixing up to 17m water depth was observed, resulting in increased CT values at 0-10 m and a decrease of CT in 10-17m. The loss of CT in 10-17m can be assumed to be entirely cause by mixing with low-CT surface water. Some CT loss is balanced through CT input attributable to the air-sea flux. Therefore, the observed loss, corrected for 7m/MLD-share of the air-sea-flux, was added to the integrated CT changes in 0-10m.

# extract CT data for fixed depth approach, depth limit 10m
iCT_10 <- iCT_fixed_dep %>% 
  filter(dep_i == 12, sign=="total") %>% 
  select(-c(sign, dep_i))

rm(iCT_fixed_dep)

iCT_10 <- iCT_10 %>%
  select(ID, date_time = date_time_ID, date_time_ID_ref, CT_i_diff, CT_i_cum)

# date of the second last cruise
date_180806 <- unique(iCT_10$date_time)[7]

# calculate cumulative air-sea fluxes affecting 0-10m
ts_og_flux <- ts_og %>% 
  mutate(flux_scale = if_else(date_time > date_180806,
                              12/17 * flux_scale,
                              flux_scale)) %>%
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  mutate(flux_cum = cumsum(flux_scale)) %>% 
  select(date_time, flux_cum)

# calculate cumulative air-sea fluxes affecting 10-17m
ts_og_flux_dep <- ts_og %>% 
  filter(date_time > date_180806) %>% 
  mutate(flux_scale = 5/17 * flux_scale) %>%
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  mutate(flux_cum = cumsum(flux_scale)) %>% 
  select(date_time, flux_cum)

iCT_10_flux <- full_join(iCT_10, ts_og_flux) %>% 
  arrange(date_time)

rm(ts_og_flux, iCT_10, ts_og_long, ts_og)


# linear interpolation of cumulative changes to frequency of the flux estimates estimates 
iCT_10_flux <- iCT_10_flux %>% 
  mutate(CT_i_cum = na.approx(CT_i_cum, rule = 2),
         flux_cum = na.approx(flux_cum, rule = 2),
         CT_i_flux_cum = CT_i_cum + flux_cum)

# calculate cumulative fluxes inbetween cruises 
iCT_10_flux_diff <- iCT_10_flux %>% 
  filter(!is.na(date_time_ID_ref)) %>% 
  mutate(flux_diff = flux_cum - lag(flux_cum, default = 0)) %>% 
  select(date_time_ID_ref, observed=CT_i_diff, flux=flux_diff) %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = 2:3, names_to = "var", values_to = "value_diff")


# calculate mixing with deep waters, corrected for air sea fluxes
iCT_10_mix <- ts_profiles_ID_long %>% 
  filter(ID == "180815",
         var == "CT",
         dep < 17,
         dep > 12) %>% 
  group_by(ID, date_time_ID,
           date_time_ID_ref) %>% 
  summarise(value_diff = sum(value_diff)/1000 + min(ts_og_flux_dep$flux_cum)) %>% 
  ungroup()

rm(ts_og_flux_dep)

iCT_10_mix_diff <- iCT_10_mix %>% 
  select(date_time_ID_ref, value_diff) %>% 
  mutate(var="mixing")

iCT_10_flux_mix_diff <- 
  full_join(iCT_10_flux_diff, iCT_10_mix_diff)

iCT_10_flux_mix <-
  full_join(iCT_10_flux,
            iCT_10_mix %>% rename(mix_cum = value_diff))

rm(iCT_10_mix, iCT_10_mix_diff, iCT_10_flux, iCT_10_flux_diff, date_180806)

iCT_10_flux_mix <- iCT_10_flux_mix %>% 
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  fill(ID) %>% 
  mutate(mix_cum = if_else(ID %in% c("180806", 180815), mix_cum, 0),
         mix_cum = na.approx(mix_cum),
         CT_i_flux_mix_cum = CT_i_flux_cum + mix_cum)

  
p_iCT <- iCT_10_flux_mix %>% 
  arrange(date_time) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_col(data = iCT_10_flux_mix_diff,
           aes(date_time_ID_ref, value_diff, fill=var),
           position = position_dodge2(preserve = "single"),
           alpha=0.5)+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0)+
  geom_point(data = cruise_dates, aes(date_time_ID, 0), shape=21)+
  geom_line(aes(date_time, CT_i_cum, col="observed"))+
  geom_line(aes(date_time, CT_i_flux_mix_cum, col="mixing + flux corrected"))+
  geom_line(aes(date_time, CT_i_flux_cum, col="flux corrected"))+
  scale_x_datetime(date_breaks = "week",
                   date_labels = "%b %d",
                   sec.axis = dup_axis())+
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set1", name="incremental changes")+
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set1", name="cumulative changes")+
  labs(y=expression(atop(integrated~nC[T],
                         (mol~m^{-2}))))+
  guides(guide_colourbar(order = 1))+
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x.top = element_blank(),
        legend.position = "bottom",
        legend.direction = "vertical")

p_iCT

iCT_10_flux_mix %>%
  write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "ts_NCP_cum.csv"))

iCT_10_flux_mix_diff %>%
  write_csv(here::here("Data/_merged_data_files", "ts_NCP_inc.csv"))
p_pCO2_surf + p_tem_surf + p_CT_surf + 
  p_pCO2_atm + p_wind + p_flux_daily + p_flux_cum + 
  p_iCT +
  plot_layout(ncol = 1,
              heights = c(rep(1,7), 3))

ggsave(here::here("output/Plots/Figures_publication/article", "atm_water_timeseries.pdf"),
       width = 120, height = 270, dpi = 300, units = "mm")

7 Open tasks / questions

  • clean and harmonize chunk labeling (label: plot, 1 plot per chunk, etc)
  • included removed stations in map and coverage plot
  • Significance of changes in AT for calculated CT changes
    • Calculate AT-S ratios, reconstruct AT profiles, calculate true CT profiles, normalize CT profiles to mean AT
  • Harmonize selection of profiles for tau optimization and BGC interpretation (how many missing discrete depth intervals are allowed?)
  • Introduce errorbars for iCT time series (-> large errorbar after CT increase expected)
  • demostrate strong permanent thermocline at around 25 m
  • discrete samples: use exact sampling dates

sessionInfo()
R version 3.6.3 (2020-02-29)
Platform: i386-w64-mingw32/i386 (32-bit)
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 18363)

Matrix products: default

locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=English_Germany.1252  LC_CTYPE=English_Germany.1252   
[3] LC_MONETARY=English_Germany.1252 LC_NUMERIC=C                    
[5] LC_TIME=English_Germany.1252    

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
 [1] zoo_1.8-7       lubridate_1.7.4 scico_1.1.0     metR_0.6.0     
 [5] marelac_2.1.10  shape_1.4.4     seacarb_3.2.13  oce_1.2-0      
 [9] gsw_1.0-5       testthat_2.3.2  patchwork_1.0.0 forcats_0.5.0  
[13] stringr_1.4.0   dplyr_0.8.5     purrr_0.3.3     readr_1.3.1    
[17] tidyr_1.0.2     tibble_3.0.0    ggplot2_3.3.0   tidyverse_1.3.0
[21] workflowr_1.6.1

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] Rcpp_1.0.4         whisker_0.4        knitr_1.28         xml2_1.3.0        
 [5] magrittr_1.5       hms_0.5.3          rvest_0.3.5        tidyselect_1.0.0  
 [9] viridisLite_0.3.0  here_0.1           colorspace_1.4-1   lattice_0.20-41   
[13] R6_2.4.1           rlang_0.4.5        fansi_0.4.1        broom_0.5.5       
[17] xfun_0.12          dbplyr_1.4.2       modelr_0.1.6       withr_2.1.2       
[21] git2r_0.26.1       ellipsis_0.3.0     htmltools_0.4.0    assertthat_0.2.1  
[25] rprojroot_1.3-2    digest_0.6.25      lifecycle_0.2.0    haven_2.2.0       
[29] rmarkdown_2.1      sp_1.4-1           compiler_3.6.3     cellranger_1.1.0  
[33] pillar_1.4.3       scales_1.1.0       backports_1.1.5    generics_0.0.2    
[37] jsonlite_1.6.1     httpuv_1.5.2       pkgconfig_2.0.3    rstudioapi_0.11   
[41] munsell_0.5.0      plyr_1.8.6         highr_0.8          httr_1.4.1        
[45] tools_3.6.3        grid_3.6.3         nlme_3.1-145       data.table_1.12.8 
[49] gtable_0.3.0       checkmate_2.0.0    DBI_1.1.0          cli_2.0.2         
[53] readxl_1.3.1       yaml_2.2.1         crayon_1.3.4       farver_2.0.3      
[57] RColorBrewer_1.1-2 later_1.0.0        promises_1.1.0     fs_1.4.0          
[61] vctrs_0.2.4        memoise_1.1.0      glue_1.3.2         evaluate_0.14     
[65] labeling_0.3       reprex_0.3.0       stringi_1.4.6